ICT Adoption and Heterogeneity in Production Technologies: Evidence for Chilean Retailers
Gaaitzen J. de Vries, Michael Koetter
Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics,
No. 4,
2011
Abstract
The adoption of information and communication technology (ICT) can have far-reaching effects on the nature of production technologies. Because ICT adoption is incomplete, especially in developing countries, different groups of firms will have different production technologies. We estimate a latent class stochastic frontier model, which allows us to test for the existence of multiple production technologies across firms and consider the associated implications for efficiency measures. We use a unique data set of Chilean retailers, which includes detailed information on ICT adoption. We find three distinct production technologies. The probability of membership in a more productive group is positively related to ICT use.
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Enjoying the Quiet Life Under Deregulation? Evidence from Adjusted Lerner Indices for U.S. Banks
Michael Koetter, James W. Kolari, Laura Spierdijk
Review of Economics and Statistics,
No. 2,
2012
Abstract
The quiet life hypothesis posits that firms with market power incur inefficiencies rather than reap monopolistic rents. We propose a simple adjustment to Lerner indices to account for the possibility of foregone rents to test this hypothesis. For a large sample of U.S. commercial banks, we find that adjusted Lerner indices are significantly larger than conventional Lerner indices and trending upward over time. Instrumental variable regressions reject the quiet life hypothesis for cost inefficiencies. However, Lerner indices adjusted for profit inefficiencies reveal a quiet life among U.S. banks.
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Bank Bailouts and Moral Hazard: Evidence from Germany
Lammertjan Dam, Michael Koetter
Review of Financial Studies,
No. 8,
2012
Abstract
We use a structural econometric model to provide empirical evidence that safety nets in the banking industry lead to additional risk taking. To identify the moral hazard effect of bailout expectations on bank risk, we exploit the fact that regional political factors explain bank bailouts but not bank risk. The sample includes all observed capital preservation measures and distressed exits in the German banking industry during 1995–2006. A change of bailout expectations by two standard deviations increases the probability of official distress from 6.6% to 9.4%, which is economically significant.
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Transfer Payments without Growth: Evidence for German Regions, 1992–2005
Michael Koetter, Michael Wedow
International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,
No. 4,
2013
Abstract
After German reunification, interregional subsidies accounted for approximately 4% of gross fixed capital investment in the new federal states (i.e. those which were formerly part of the German Democratic Republic). We show that, between 1992 and 2005, infrastructure and corporate investment subsidies had a negative net impact on regional economic growth and convergence. This result is robust to both the specification of spatially weighted control variables and the use of instrumental variable techniques to control for the endogeneity of subsidies. Our results suggest that regional redistribution was ineffective, potentially due to a lack of spatial concentration to create growth poles.
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Reformer gegen Bremser. Das kommunistisch regierte Vietnam setzt die wirtschaftlichen Erfolge der neunziger Jahre aufs Spiel
Rüdiger Pohl, Hilmar Schneider
External Publications,
2000
Abstract
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Discrimination of combination wage recipients by municipal labor market policy
Cornelia Lang, Martin T. W. Rosenfeld, Hilmar Schneider
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 13,
2001
Abstract
Die Funktion der sozialen Grundsicherung wird in Deutschland durch die Sozialhilfe und die Arbeitslosenhilfe abgedeckt. Während jedoch die Finanzierung der Arbeitslosenhilfe durch den Bund erfolgt, obliegt die Finanzierung der Sozialhilfe den Kommunen. Dieser Dualismus führt mutmaßlich zur Benachteiligung sogenannter Kombihilfeempfänger im Hinblick auf deren Wiedereingliederung in den Arbeitsmarkt durch Maßnahmen der aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik. Kombihilfeempfänger sind Personen, deren staatlich garantiertes Mindesteinkommen sowohl aus Sozialhilfe als auch aus Arbeitslosenunterstützung besteht. Ihr Einkommensanspruch ist zwar nicht höher als der von reinen Sozialhilfeempfängern, doch die zwischen Bund und Kommunen geteilte Zuständigkeit für dessen Finanzierung erzeugt Anreize zur gegenseitigen Lastenverschiebung....
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Tentative Recovery, Public Debt on the Rise
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
2. Sonderausgabe
2009
Abstract
In autumn 2009, the world economy appears to be growing again. The situation has improved mainly because drastic measures of central banks and governments stabilized the financial sector. More recently, the real economy is supported by fiscal programs taking effect. However, recoveries are usually slow if, as it is the case now, recessions have been intertwined with banking and housing crises. Thus, the industrial economies will not gain much dynamics this year and next, while chances for an upswing in emerging economies are much better.
The German economy stabilized during summer as well, with remarkably robust private consumption. An upswing, however, is, due to several factors, not in sight: Some important export markets will not rebound quickly, and consumption will be dampened by rising unemployment that, up to now, has been contained, not least with the aid of short-term working schemes. All in all, production shrinks by 5% in 2009 and will increase by no more than 1.2% next year. Public deficits are on the rise, with (in relation to GDP) 3.2% this year and 5.2% in 2010.
A credit crunch due to deteriorating balance sheets of banks is a major risk for the German economy. Policy should address this problem by making sure that equity ratios are sufficiently high. One way would be to impose public capital on banks that do not comply with certain regulatory ratios. These should be higher than the ones presently in force. Fiscal policy should begin consolidating in 2011, mainly by dampening the rise of expenditures. Tax cuts are only justified if they are accompanied by very ambitious spending cuts.
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German Economy on the Brink of Recession
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
2. Sonderausgabe
2008
Abstract
In autumn 2008, the word economy is in a downswing, caused by the commodity and energy price hike of the first half of the year, housing crises in the US and some other important countries, and in particular by the financial crisis that has recently intensified. The downswing will continue this year and for some time during 2009, and will only come to an end later next year if governments and central banks succeed in stabilizing financial markets in the coming months. In this case, lower prices of commodities and still high growth dynamics in important emerging markets countries will lead to a tentative revival of the world economy.
The German economy is on the brink of a recession. It is particularly vulnerable to a global downswing because exports of investment goods are of upmost importance for the overall economy. Because the uncertainty about the worldwide effects of the financial crisis is very high, the forecast is split. A more probable scenario is based on the assumption of a stabilizing world economy. In this scenario, the growth rate of the German economy in 2009 is 0.2%. The second scenario is based on the assumption of a worldwide recession next year and forecasts that German GDP will shrink by 0.8% in 2009.
Concerning policy, the institutes recommend a strengthening of the capital base of banks via injection of government money. This should be done in a way that gives incentives to banks for attracting additional capital from private sources.
A special chapter of the report analyzes the nature and causes of the price hikes of energy and commodities in the first half of 2008.
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The German Upswing Takes a Break
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
2. Sonderausgabe
2007
Abstract
The world economy continues to expand healthily, but risks have increased during summer. The crisis of the housing sector in the US has deepened: A revaluation of mortgage backed assets has triggered turbulences on global financial markets. The institutes expect that financial markets will calm down during the coming months, but that the downswing in the US will slow the pace of the world economy. The economy in the euro area will, in addition, be dampened by the appreciation of the euro. The German economy is, in spite of a restrictive fiscal policy, in a robust upswing. Because wage setting and inflation continues to be moderate, there will be no need for a restrictive monetary policy. Thus the German economy will, due to slower demand from the US and higher costs of financing, lose momentum, but chances are good that the upswing will only take a break. In the coming year private consumption is expected to be the main contributor to growth, because wage incomes will expand strongly. Unemployment will continue to shrink, albeit at a smaller rate than during 2007. Fiscal policy will no longer be restrictive. Economic policy has improved the conditions for growth in Germany; there is, however, still much to do. Public finances have to be consolidated further, but at the same time, public investment has to be strengthened. This can be achieved if public consumptive expenditure growth is limited. The institutes suggest to increase public expenditure by 2% per annum over the cycle in nominal terms; this is, by less than by the trend growth rate of nominal GDP.
The institutes advise against a reversal of the recent labour market reforms. Instead, incentives for taking up jobs should be increased further.
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Die Lage der Weltwirtschaft und der deutschen Wirtschaft im Herbst 2006
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
2. Sonderausgabe
2006
Abstract
Der Aufschwung der Weltwirtschaft hält im Herbst 2006 an, er hat sich jedoch im Verlauf des Jahres etwas verlangsamt. Ausschlaggebend dafür war, dass die konjunkturelle Dynamik in den USA, und in geringerem Maße auch in Japan, nachließ. Dies wurde durch eine Beschleunigung der Expansion im Euroraum und in Großbritannien nicht aufgewogen. In den Schwellenländern blieb der Produktionsanstieg kräftig; dabei hat er sich in China im ersten Halbjahr noch einmal verstärkt, in den übrigen ostasiatischen Schwellenländern insgesamt eher verlangsamt. Die Unterschiede in der Dynamik zwischen den Industrieländern sind überwiegend dadurch bedingt, dass sich die Volkswirtschaften in verschiedenen Phasen des konjunkturellen Zyklus befinden. Die Rohstoffpreise stiegen in den ersten Monaten 2006 auch aufgrund der lebhaften Weltkonjunktur weiter stark. Die Preisbewegung auf den Rohstoffmärkten schlug auf die Verbraucherpreise durch; die Lohnkosten erhöhten sich in den Industrieländern zumeist moderat. Die Expansion der Weltwirtschaft wird sich im Prognosezeitraum etwas abschwächen, aber im längerfristigen Vergleich kräftig bleiben. Insgesamt wird das reale Bruttoinlandsprodukt der Welt – in der Abgrenzung der Gemeinschaftsdiagnose – im Jahr 2006 um 3,7% und im Jahr 2007 um 3,1% zunehmen. Der Welthandel expandiert in diesem Jahr um 8,5% und im Jahr 2007 um reichlich 7%. Der Anstieg der Preise schwächt sich etwas ab. Die Wirtschaft des Euroraums befindet sich im Aufschwung. Der Anstieg des realen Bruttoinlandsprodukts hat sich vor allem in den Ländern erheblich beschleunigt, die, wie etwa Deutschland und Italien, in den Vorjahren unterdurchschnittliche Zuwächse aufwiesen. Die wesentlichen Impulse kamen von der Binnennachfrage, da insbesondere die Anlageinvestitionen kräftig ausgeweitet wurden. Der private Konsum legte leicht beschleunigt zu; die Bauinvestitionen expandierten spürbar. Auch der Außenbeitrag erhöhte sich, da die Exporte deutlich stärker als die Importe stiegen. Die EZB hat vor dem Hintergrund der anziehenden Konjunktur ihren geldpolitischen Kurs gestrafft, um zunehmenden Inflationsrisiken rechtzeitig entgegenzuwirken. Sie wird ihren maßgeblichen Leitzins bis zum Ende des laufenden Jahres auf 3,5% anheben und im kommenden Jahr auf diesem Niveau belassen. Dieser Satz dürfte in etwa dem neutralen Zinsniveau entsprechen. Die Lage der öffentlichen Haushalte im Euroraum hat sich leicht verbessert. Im kommenden Jahr wird die wirtschaftliche Expansion kräftig bleiben, sich jedoch infolge der nachlassenden expansiven Wirkung der Geldpolitik und des sich abschwächenden Booms der Weltwirtschaft etwas verlangsamen. Das reale Bruttoinlandsprodukt im Euroraum wird im Jahr 2007 um 2,1% zunehmen, nach 2,6% in diesem Jahr. Die Inflationsrate wird im Jahr 2006 bei 2,2% und im Jahr 2007 bei 2,1% liegen.
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