German Economy Drawn into the World Recession
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
1. Sonderausgabe
2009
Abstract
In spring 2009, the world economy is in a deep recession. The intensification of the financial crisis in autumn has caused a sharp contraction of demand. The reaction of monetary and fiscal policy was substantial, but up to now (April 2009), it has not succeeded in restoring confidence of economic agents. Although some leading indicators point to a stabilization of production in the coming quarters, the downturn will not come to an end before next winter, because the financial crisis will continue to put strain on the real economy for some time to come.
The German economy is in its deepest recession since the foundation of the Federal Republic. Germany is particularly affected, because at the core of the economy is the production of those goods for that world demand has collapsed most: capital goods and high-quality consumer durables. While exports and private investment activity will continue to shrink this year (albeit at a slower rate), private consumption will be a stabilizing factor for some time, as will public investment activity in the second half of the year. Later in 2009 and in 2010, rising unemployment will depress consumption, while in this forecast, it is assumed that exports and investment slowly recover in 2010, because the financial turmoil will calm down.
For economic policy, a recapitalization of the banking sector should have priority. The ECB should lower its key interest rate to 0.5%. Given the sharply increasing fiscal deficits, a new, third fiscal program would be counterproductive. Only if monetary policy fails to stabilize the economy, further fiscal measures, coordinated at a European level, should be considered.
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Crisis Contagion in Central and Eastern Europe
Hubert Gabrisch
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2008
Abstract
The global financial crisis reached the Central and Eastern European region. Fears of a recession are spreading among investors in Russia and the Ukraine due to the heavy decline of oil and steel prices and provoked a first wave of short-term capital withdrawals. The export sector of all countries in the region is affected by weakening global demand. Finally, the financial sector, which is dominated by international banks in almost all countries, appears as the contagion channel for risk adjustments of mother banks. The combined impact of all these causes and channels lead to a proliferation of restrictions in credit and money supply and an outflow of investment capital. A strong weakening of economic growth is on the way in the region, and a long-lasting recession seems possible in some countries, in first line in the Baltic countries. It becomes a superior task of governments to ease the length and depth of the approaching recession by a strong fiscal stimulus. A continuation of the present policy of fiscal consolidation or of nominal convergence toward a quick adoption of the Euro does not seem very advisable. If governments decided to support domestic demand, measures should be taken to strengthening of a genuinely domestic banking sector in order to maintain credit availability.
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Monetary Policy and Financial (In)stability: An Integrated Micro–Macro Approach
Ferre De Graeve, Thomas Kick, Michael Koetter
Journal of Financial Stability,
No. 3,
2008
Abstract
Evidence on central banks’ twin objective, monetary and financial stability, is scarce. We suggest an integrated micro–macro approach with two core virtues. First, we measure financial stability directly at the bank level as the probability of distress. Second, we integrate a microeconomic hazard model for bank distress and a standard macroeconomic model. The advantage of this approach is to incorporate micro information, to allow for non-linearities and to permit general feedback effects between financial distress and the real economy. We base the analysis on German bank and macro data between 1995 and 2004. Our results confirm the existence of a trade-off between monetary and financial stability. An unexpected tightening of monetary policy increases the probability of distress. This effect disappears when neglecting microeffects and non-linearities, underlining their importance. Distress responses are largest for small cooperative banks, weak distress events, and at times when capitalization is low. An important policy implication is that the separation of financial supervision and monetary policy requires close collaboration among members in the European System of Central Banks and national bank supervisors.
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Geldpolitische Strategien im Umbruch
Diemo Dietrich, Albrecht F. Michler
Systeme monetärer Steuerung - Analyse und Vergleich geldpolitischer Strategien. Schriften zu Ordnungsfragen der Wirtschaft, Band 86,
No. 86,
2007
Abstract
In recent times the strategies of monetary policy, in particular that of the ECB, have been in the limelight of both scientific and public attention. After introducing into conceptual basics of monetary policy strategies, we compare inflation targeting and monetary targeting as the two prevalent strategies. The criteria established for this comparison are the way how the transmission of monetary policy is modeled, the role of expectations, the meaning of a nominal anchor as well as transparency and accountability. We conclude with a critical appraisal of the current ECB strategy.
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Die Lage der Weltwirtschaft und der deutschen Wirtschaft im Frühjahr 2007
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
1. Sonderausgabe
2007
Abstract
In spring 2007, the global economy remains robust. While growth rates have declined slightly from last year, as business activity in the US has slowed, they continue to reflect an upswing, which by now has held on for a notably long time. Especially the developing and emerging countries have been raising output very fast, due in part to their increasing role in the international division of labour. In the industrialised economies, on the other hand, the current recovery has not been remarkably strong. So far the slowdown in the US economy has not spilled over to other regions and the Euro Area as well as Japan continue to expand at a high pace. Here expansive monetary policy provided a notable support. Buoyant financial markets stimulated the world economy additionally, even though market volatility has increased since the end of February. The US central bank’s current concern with inflationary risks keeps it from loosening its slightly restrictive monetary policy. It will be the second half of the year – when price pressures have eased – until the Fed makes its first rate cut. The ECB, on the other hand, has been preparing financial markets for a further increase in interest rates by summer. In 2007 and 2008 the growth disparities in the industrialised countries will diminish. On one hand, the upswing in the Euro Area will start to moderate, as fiscal policy hampers business activity and monetary policy will not stimulate anymore. On the other hand, the US economy will slowly gain pace from summer onwards; the emerging markets will continue to develop in a highly dynamic fashion. World-GDP in this and next year will likely rise by about 3 ¼ % in 2007, which is still faster than in the average of the last ten years. World trade will rise by 7 ½ % in the coming two years. An oil price of 65 US-Dollar and an exchange rate between the Euro and the US-Dollar of 1.32 were assumed for both years 2007 and 2008. The real estate market in the USA continues to be a risk for...
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The IWH signals approach: the present potential for a financial crisis in selected Central and East European countries and Turkey
Hubert Gabrisch, Simone Lösel
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 8,
2006
Abstract
The steep increase of oil prices, general threats rooting from Iran’s nuclear program, and doubts about the future policy of important central banks recently caused more uncertainties of investors on international financial markets. This explains the higher volatility and the fall of indices on stock markets including those of some Central and East European countries. International investors could respond with adjustments of their portfolio and trigger off a financial crisis. On this background, the article studies the potential for a financial crises in the region mentioned. The analytical tool is the IWH signals approach. The study concludes that the risk of the outbreak of a financial crisis within the next 18 months is rather unrealistic in most countries. A stable economic policy, high real growth rates, a financial system already robust compared to earlier times of transition, and appropriate exchange rate arrangements protect the countries against speculative attacks and portfolio adjustments. When the composite indicator shows deterioration like in the Baltic countries, it turned out to be negligible. For the Slovak Republic and Slovenia, the composite indicator even improved. A closer look to individual indicators reveals still some problems in the banking sectors of the Czech Republic, Poland, and Hungary, however, without out major impact on the composite indicator.
This general assessment does not apply to Romania, and, in particular, to Turkey. The composite indicator signals a significant increase of the risk potential for the next 18 months in both countries. There is a considerable need for sound policy action.
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Technological capability of foreign and West German investors in East Germany
Jutta Günther
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 189,
2004
Abstract
Foreign direct investment (FDI) plays an important role for countries or regions in the process of economic catching-up since it is assumed – among other things – that FDI brings in new production technology and knowledge. This paper gives an overview about the development of FDI in East Germany based on official data provided by the Federal Bank of Germany. The investigation also includes a comparison of FDI in East Germany to Central East European countries. But the main focus of the paper is an analysis of the technological capability comparing majority foreign and West German owned firms to majority East German owned firms. It shows that foreign and West German subsidiaries in East Germany are indeed characterized by superior technological capability with respect to all indicators looked at (product innovation, research & development, organizational changes etc.).
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Why do we have an interbank money market?
Jürgen Wiemers, Ulrike Neyer
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 182,
2003
Abstract
The interbank money market plays a key role in the execution of monetary policy. Hence, it is important to know the functioning of this market and the determinants of the interbank money market rate. In this paper, we develop an interbank money market model with a heterogeneous banking sector. We show that besides for balancing daily liquidity fluctuations banks participate in the interbank market because they have different marginal costs of obtaining funds from the central bank. In the euro area, which we refer to, these cost differences occur because banks have different marginal cost of collateral which they need to hold to obtain funds from the central bank. Banks with relatively low marginal costs act as intermediaries between the central bank and banks with relatively high marginal costs. The necessary positive spread between the interbank market rate and the central bank rate is determined by transaction costs and credit risk in the interbank market, total liquidity needs of the banking sector, costs of obtaining funds from the central bank, and the distribution of the latter across banks.
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Business cycle in Germany: Bottom phase almost completed
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 10,
2001
Abstract
In the report, the economic situation in Germany and in the Eurozone in the current year 2001 and in the following year 2002 is analyzed and forecasted in detail. Due to the unfavorable global economic situation and the unexpectedly high inflation, GDP growth has been slowing down in Germany in the year 2001. In 2002, growth will regain momentum. In the remaining course of this year, inflation will abate, thus allowing the European Central Bank leeway for an ease in monetary policy, provided wage increases remain moderate. Due to the cyclically lower revenues and higher expenditures, the public deficit will be temporarily higher than projected in the Stability Program. This should not be counteracted so as not to further endanger economic growth. The main National Accounts data for Germany are summarized in a detailed table in the appendix.
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European monetary policy: On neutral course
Silke Tober
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 10,
2000
Abstract
Nach fünf Leitzinserhöhungen um insgesamt 1¾ Prozentpunkte seit November 1999 dürfte die Europäische Zentralbank im Juni dieses Jahres auch bei den kurzfristigen Zinsen ein neutrales Niveau erreicht haben. Die Kapitalmarktzinsen entsprechen bereits seit Herbst vergangenen Jahres etwa dem langfristigen (deutschen) Durchschnitt. Ebenso wie die EZB hat die US-amerikanische Zentralbank die Zinsen seit der geldpolitischen Lockerung im Zusammenhang mit den Krisen in Asien um insgesamt 1¾ Prozentpunkte angehoben. Anders als die EZB ist die US-amerikanische Zentralbank damit jedoch auf einen restriktiven Kurs zurückgekehrt. Dieser Unterschied im geldpolitischen Kurs der beiden Zentralbanken erklärt sich aus dem nach wie vor bestehenden Konjunkturgefälle zwischen den zwei Währungsräumen und ist die entscheidende Ursache für die noch fortbestehende niedrige Bewertung des Euro. Von der Erweiterung der Europäischen Union und letztlich des Euroraums ist keine nennenswerte Beeinflussung des Wechselkurses zu erwarten. Eine strenge Konvergenzprüfung vor dem Beitritt zur Europäischen Währungsunion ist im Interesse nicht nur des Euroraums, sondern auch der Beitrittsländer zu empfehlen. Negative Vertrauenseffekte durch den EU-Beitritt mittel- und osteuropäischer Länder sind sodann unwahrscheinlich, zumal das ökonomische Gewicht dieser Länder gering und eine Streckung des Zeitraums zwischen EU-Beitritt und Übernahme des Euro wahrscheinlich ist. Das bestehende Aufwertungspotential des Euro dürfte im Zuge der Erweiterung des Euroraums durch die Stärkung seiner Rolle als internationale Reservewährung etwas zunehmen. Institutionelle Änderungen in der Zusammensetzung der Entscheidungsgremien des Europäischen Systems der Zentralbanken wären bei steigender Zahl der Mitgliedsländer zu erwägen.
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