Structural Change during Transition: Is Russia Becoming a Service Economy?
Albrecht Kauffmann
Volkswirtschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge der Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Fakultät, Universität Potsdam, Nr. 80,
No. 80,
2005
Abstract
This paper analyses the structural change in Russia during the transition from the planned to a market economy. With regard to the famous three sector hypothesis, broad economic sectors were formed as required by this theory. The computation of their shares at GNP at market prices using Input-Output tables, and the adjustment of results from distortions, generated as side effects of tax avoidance practices, shows results that clearly reject claims that Russia would be on the road to a post-industrial service economy. Instead, at least until 2001, a tendency of “primarisation“ could be observed, that presents Russia closer to less-developed countries.
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The Impact of Institutions on the Employment Performance in European Labour Markets
Herbert S. Buscher, Christian Dreger, Raúl Ramos, Jordi Surinach
Discussion Paper No. 1732,
2005
Abstract
The paper investigates the role of institutions for labor market performance across European countries. As participation rates have been rather stable over the past, the unemployment problem is mainly caused by shortages in labor demand. Labor demand is expressed by its structural parameters, such as the elasticities of employment to output and factor prices. Institutional variables include employment protection legislation, the structure of wage bargaining, measures describing the tax and transfer system and active labor market policies. As cointegration between employment, output and factor prices is detected, labor demand equations are fitted in levels by efficient estimation techniques. Then, labor demand elasticities are explained by institutions using panel fixed effects regressions. The results suggest that higher flexibility and incentives of households to work appear to be appropriate strategies to improve the employment record. The employment response to economic conditions is stronger in a more deregulated environment, and the absorption of shocks can be relieved.
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An analysis of household electricity price developments in Germany since liberalization
Christian Growitsch, Felix Müsgens
External Publications,
2005
Abstract
Despite the liberalization of energy markets in 1998, household electricity prices in 2004 are nearly the same as 1998, indicating a failure of market restructuring. However, such a general consideration is misleading for two main reasons. Firstly, the price development shows significant differences among the stages of the value chain. Secondly, the underlying cost structure might have changed from 1998 to 2004. While such effects can be expected to level out over time, they can distort the comparison of a small period of observation. For these reasons, we analyzed the different price components at a detailed level, finding a considerable price reduction of about 32% in generation and a much lower reduction of 13% in transmission and distribution tariffs. These decreases have been mostly compensated by a significant increase in taxes and subsidies (+56%).
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Development of tax revenues in the new Länder - an east-west comparison -
Kristina vanDeuverden
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 196,
2004
Abstract
In 2003 tax revenue in the new Länder were about 30% of the level in the old Länder. The survey analyses the current situation, the structures and the development since unification. The paper concludes that caused by the current tax system a further convergence of tax receipts could not have been expected – and should not be expected within the next years.
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Increase of the tobacco tax to finance services provided by statutory health insurance that are not covered by insurance contributions
Kristina vanDeuverden
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 187,
2004
Abstract
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Current trends: reduction of standard tax allowance for commuters has serious effects on only every 6th employee
Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 1,
2004
Abstract
Der Abbau von Steuersubventionen im Rahmen des von Regierung und Opposition erzielten Reformkompromisses im Dezember 2003 sieht u. a. eine Senkung der Pendlerpauschale für den einfachen Weg zwischen Wohnung und Arbeitsstätte von bisher 36 Cent (40 Cent ab dem zehnten Kilometer) auf generell 30 Cent pro Kilometer vor. Diese rechtliche Änderung geht fast alle Arbeitnehmer an. Die Beschäftigten werden jedoch durch die Neuregelung unterschiedlich betroffen, da die Länge des individuellen Arbeitsweges erheblich differiert.
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IWH Economic Outlook 2004: No longer waiting for the economic upturn
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 1,
2004
Abstract
The Economic Outlook 2004 updates the IWH forecast for 2004 and gives a first outlook on 2005. The world recovery is mainly driven by the strong economic impulses from the USA. Whereas the upturn in the US is domestically driven, the impetus in the euro area is coming from external trade. Nonetheless in Germany corporate investment activity still is slow. Although the tax reductions in 2004 will support private consumption, its overall economic impulse will be weak. German GDP in 2004 will increase 1.6% and 1.8% in 2005. At the labour market no clear improvement can be expected till the second half of 2004; on a yearly average employment will decrease by 100 000 persons in 2004. Albeit the partly broad forward third instalment of the tax reform, fiscal policy will have a restrictive aim. Monetary policy on the other hand will continue to be highly expansive, but as the output gap shrinks the ECB can be expected to increase interest rates moderately.
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Current economic situation: A silver lining on the horizon
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2003
Abstract
The Federal Statistical Office has recently released the figures for second quarter GDP and its components. At the same time, the data for the past four years has been revised. This made it necessary to update the existing IWH-forecasts for 2003 and 2004. Stimulated by an improving world economy GDP will not decline this year but merely stagnate. In 2004 the external stimulus will further increase and accounting for the additional working days economic activity will rise by 1.8%. The turnaround at the labour market will not take place before the second half of 2004. Fiscal policy is currently aiming to balance the budget, but so far the government tried to achieve this goal by increasing levies and taxes. In order to maintain the growth potential, a sustainable consolidation, though, should work by means of cutting expenditure. Overall the deficit will be 4.1% and 3.9% of nominal GDP in this and next year, respectively.
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Germany 2004: Only a transitory economic stimulus from moving tax cuts forward
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 9,
2003
Abstract
In summer 2003 the German economy once again did not overcome the stagnation, which by now lasted three years. Only by the end of this year the German economy will begin to receive stronger support from a then further improved world economy. In the past months both US and European monetary policy have provided sufficient liquidity by lowering interest rates. In the USA, additional support is provided by fiscal policy; tax reductions and rebates increase domestic demand. Overall, Gross Domestic Product in the US will increase by 2.1% this year; in the euro area GDP will merely expand by a modest 0.8%. For Germany one of its key sectors will not be able to lift the economy as usual and GDP, when compared to last year, will only stagnate. Provided by the brought forward tax reform 2000 the coming year will begin with a stimulus to the German economy. The tax reductions, though, will have limited effect on aggregate production, as the increased consumption will not be able to stimulate investment. Accounting for calendar effects GDP in Germany will increase by at least 1% in 2004 compared with this year, but due to several additional working days in 2004, the unadjusted rate of expansion will be 1.7%. No substantial improvements are expected for the job market.
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Does Germany need a tax on property? - A commentary
Kristina vanDeuverden
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 9,
2003
Abstract
Steuern werden vor allem aus fiskalischen Gründen erhoben. Mit der zunehmenden Anspannung der öffentlichen Finanzen wird auf der Suche nach neuen Einnahmequellen vielfach der Ruf nach der Wiedereinführung der Vermögensteuer laut. Eine solche Steuer bestand bis zum 31.12.1996 und ist vorrangig aus juristischen Gründen abgeschafft worden. Sie war eine reine Ländersteuer und erbrachte im letzten Jahr ihrer vollen Gültigkeit 4,6 Mrd. Euro. Um die Länder für die Einnahmeausfälle zu entschädigen, wurden im Gegenzug die Erbschaftsteuer (um 1,1 Mrd. Euro) und die Grunderwerbsteuer (um 2,7 Mrd. Euro) erhöht. Die Abschaffung der Vermögensteuer führte damit per saldo zu Mindereinnahmen in Höhe von 0,9 Mrd. Euro.
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