Recent trends: Import share of the export goods produced in Germany reduced
Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 6,
2006
Abstract
In der Öffentlichkeit hält sich die Behauptung, daß sich Deutschland mehr und mehr zu einer „Basarökonomie“ entwickelt. Als Beleg dient der steigende Importgehalt der Exporte. Allerdings verbergen sich dahinter verschiedenartige Zusammenhänge. Es sind zwei Hauptkomponenten der Exporte zu unterscheiden, und zwar die im Inland hergestellten Exportgüter und die sogenannten Re-Exporte. Bei Re-Exporten handelt es sich um Güter, die zum Zwecke der unmittelbaren Wiederausfuhr importiert werden und die damit so gut wie keine Beziehung zur einheimischen Produktion haben. Entsprechend ist zu unterscheiden zwischen den exportinduzierten Importen, die für die inländische Produktion von Exportgütern benötigt werden und jenen, die ohne Weiterverarbeitung im Inland wieder (re-)exportiert werden.
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09.06.2006 • 16/2006
Konjunktur aktuell: Trotz steigender Abwärtsrisiken legt Binnenkonjunktur in Deutschland vorübergehend einen höheren Gang ein
Die deutsche Wirtschaft ist in den ersten Monaten dieses Jahres nach kurzzeitiger Pause auf den Aufschwungpfad zurückgekehrt. Treibende Kraft war die Nachfrage aus dem Ausland. Aber auch die Unternehmen in Deutschland schafften mehr Ausrüstungs- und die privaten Haushalte mehr Konsumgüter als Ende 2005 an. Der Aufschwung entwickelte sich damit auf einer breiten Basis. Seine Stärke blieb jedoch hinter den Erwartungen zurück. Die Expansion der Nachfrage zog eine hohe Dynamik der Importe nach sich. Dies bremste den Produktionsanstieg. Zudem stand die besonders ungünstige Witterung in den Wintermonaten der Entfaltung der Bauaktivitäten im Wege. So fiel der Start im neuen Jahr verhalten aus.
Business Cycle latest: Spring 2006
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2006
Abstract
Im Frühjahr 2006 setzt sich der weltwirtschaftliche Aufschwung fort. In den USA hat die Produktion nach den Störungen durch die Hurrikane im vergangenen Spätsommer offensichtlich wieder Tritt gefaßt, und in Japan ist die Dynamik von Exporten und Investitionen weiterhin hoch. An den europäischen Börsen spiegeln die starken Kursgewinne vom Winter die nochmals verbesserten Ertragsaussichten vieler Unternehmen wider. Auch in den meisten Schwellenländern war die konjunkturelle Dynamik hoch. Damit steht der weltweite Aufschwung gegenwärtig auf einer breiten Basis. Trotz der weltweiten Rücknahme des geldpolitischen Expansionsgrades sind die niedrigen langfristigen Zinsen nominal und real überall nur wenig gestiegen, und die Finanzierungsmöglichkeiten für Investitionen sind weiterhin günstig. Freilich signalisiert der besonders starke Rückgang des Abstandes zwischen lang- und kurzfristigen Zinsen im Fall der USA auch aufkeimenden Konjunkturpessimismus. Dort wird die Rückkehr zu einer konjunkturneutralen Geldpolitik den Immobilienboom im Lauf des Jahres beenden. Die Europäische Zentralbank hat zwar jüngst den Leitzins ebenfalls erhöht, die Bedingungen im Euroraum für Exporte und Investitionen sind jedoch weiterhin günstig und sorgen für eine kräftige Belebung. Die privaten Haushalte werden ihr vorsichtiges Ausgabeverhalten aber vorerst nicht aufgeben; und so wird auch in diesem und im nächsten Jahr der Euroraum die konjunkturelle Dynamik anderer Weltregionen nicht erreichen. In Deutschland verlor der noch in der Anfangsphase befindliche Aufschwung bereits Ende 2005 wieder an Kraft. Die Impulse von der Außenwirtschaft kehrten sich infolge kräftiger Importe in ihr Gegenteil um, und die Basis der Inlandskonjunktur – einzig die Investitionstätigkeit – war zu schmal, um die Schwäche auszugleichen. Auf das ganze Jahr bezogen, änderte sich die kon junkturelle Beschleunigung jedoch nicht; sie lag saison- und arbeitstäglich bereinigt bei 1,1%. Lediglich die unterschiedliche Zahl an Arbeitstagen führte zu deutlich abweichenden Jahresergebnissen: 1,6% für 2004 und 0,9% für 2005. Die deutsche Wirtschaft kam in den vergangenen Jahren vor allem deshalb nicht in Schwung, weil die Übertragung der konjunkturellen Impulse gestört war. Diese Schwäche wird nun überwunden, und der Konsum der privaten Haushalte wird an Fahrt aufnehmen – wenn auch nur vorübergehend. Im Jahr 2006 steht der Aufschwung damit auf einem breiten Fundament. Die Impulse von der Weltwirtschaft werden die exportorientierte deutsche Wirtschaft weiter anregen, und die Investitionstätigkeit wird sich auch deshalb nochmals verstärken. Zumal hat sich die Eigenkapitalbasis der Unternehmen verbessert, und die Finanzierungsbedingungen an den Kapitalmärkten sind nach wie vor günstig. Bleiben Schocks von der Weltwirtschaft aus, dürfte sich der Produktionsanstieg, wie vom IWH bereits Ende 2005 erwartet, in diesem Jahr deutlich auf 1,7% erhöhen. Das entspricht einer konjunkturellen Beschleunigung von 1,1% auf 1,9%.
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Angewandte Industrieökonomik: Theorien, Modelle, Anwendungen
Ulrich Blum, Simone Müller, Andreas Weiske
,
2006
Abstract
Modern entrepreneurship comprises a mix of bourgeois morale and the striving for adventure: Bourgeois morale implies efficiency, reputation, the rule of the law. And adventure implies new frontiers, the spirit of competition, innovation and a pioneer’s attitude – up to the destruction of competitors. The modern entrepreneur’s social position thus is a ambiguous; the entrepreneur needs a special attitude with respect to economic activity as discussed by Werner Sombard (1913) and Max Weber (1905); society has to accept the positive ethical quality of profit seeking in order to survive. The modern theory of the enterprise promoted by neoclassic theory does not include any of these elements of real entrepreneurship. Industrial organisation theory tries to structure models closer to reality, thus allowing empirical testing. In many aspects, it is based on neoclassic theory, but also accepts the concept of strategic behaviour which includes potential reactions of other market participants in ones own activities. Elements of evolutionary economics, risk theory and modern information theory thus become important. The overarching question of the entrepreneur, who strives for a higher than normal profit in the market becomes: under which conditions should I enter the market and under which conditions will potential entrants do the same? How should I set my prizes and what reactions must I expect? How can I signal friendly behaviour to competitors? How can I differentiate myself from them? What importance do innovations and advertising have? The book roles out these questions in three large chapters on technology and market structure, on prize setting and signalling, and on research, development and innovation. An introduction explains individual behavioural patterns within the societal context – often in a historical perspective. Three methodological chapters introduce the reader into strategic thinking as the core aspect of the industrial organisation theory, the “old industrial organisation theory” and the neoclassic basic models. Each chapter is extended by exercises and tips for solutions.
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Prekäre Einkommenslagen in Deutschland: Ein Ost-West-Vergleich von 1996 - 2002
Herbert S. Buscher, Juliane Parys
Beitrag zur 4. Nutzerkonferenz des Mikrozensus,
2005
Abstract
The paper investigates the distribution of income in West and East Germany over the period 1996 to 2002 using data from the respective microcensus. Special emphasis is put on the income distribution of those households and living communities which can be characterized as relatively poor. To single out the possible determinants of relative poorness we use Logit regressions. It turns out that the most important source of relative poorness is related to the number of children living in a household as well as the status of the family.
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Regional Differences in Entrepreneurship Education - Perceptions of University Target Groups
Kerstin Wagner, Frank Bau, Jürgen Schmude, Michael Dowling
External Publications,
2006
Abstract
In this paper, we contribute to the literature by empirically investigating certain important issues related to the activities and perception of entrepreneurship education. The paper focuses on the question whether the intentions and the perceptions in regard to being an entrepreneur differ between regions, or even between faculties. We also analyse if regional differences in education structures affect different needs and preferences concerning content and which target groups perceive which activities as most important.
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Investment and Internal Finance: Asymmetric Information or Managerial Discretion?
Hans Degryse, Abe de Jong
International Journal of Industrial Organization,
No. 1,
2006
Abstract
This paper examines the investment-cash flow sensitivity of publicly listed firms in The Netherlands. Investment-cash flow sensitivities can be attributed to overinvestment resulting from the abuse of managerial discretion, but also to underinvestment due to information problems. The Dutch corporate governance structure presents a number of distinctive features, in particular the limited influence of shareholders, the presence of large blockholders, and the importance of bank ties. We expect that in The Netherlands, the managerial discretion problem is more important than the asymmetric information problem. We use Tobin's Q to discriminate between firms with these problems, where LOW Q firms face the managerial discretion problem and HIGH Q firms the asymmetric information problem. As hypothesized, we find substantially larger investment-cash flow sensitivity for LOW Q firms. Moreover, specifically in the LOW Q sample, we find that firms with higher (bank) debt have lower investment-cash flow sensitivity. This finding shows that leverage, and particularly bank debt, is a key disciplinary mechanism which reduces the managerial discretion problem.
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Determinants of employment - the macroeconomic view
Christian Dreger, Heinz P. Galler, Ulrich (eds) Walwai
Schriften des IWH,
No. 22,
2005
Abstract
The weak performance of the German labour market over the past years has led to a significant unemployment problem. Currently, on average 4.5 mio. people are without a job contract, and a large part of them are long-term unemployed. A longer period of unemployment reduces their employability and aggravates the problem of social exclusion.
The factors driving the evolution of employment have been recently discussed on the workshop Determinanten der Beschäftigung – die makroökonomische Sicht organized jointly by the IAB, Nuremberg, and the IWH, Halle. The present volume contains the papers and proceedings to the policy oriented workshop held in November 2004, 15-16th. The main focus of the contributions is twofold. First, macroeconomic conditions to stimulate output and employment are considered. Second, the impacts of the increasing tax wedge between labour costs and the take home pay are emphasized. In particular, the role of the contributions to the social security system is investigated.
In his introductory address, Ulrich Walwei (IAB) links the unemployment experience to the modest path of economic growth in Germany. In addition, the low employment intensity of GDP growth and the temporary standstill of the convergence process of the East German economy have contributed to the weak labour market performance. In his analysis, Gebhard Flaig (ifo Institute, München) stresses the importance of relative factor price developments. A higher rate of wage growth leads to a decrease of the employment intensity of production, and correspondingly to an increase of the threshold of employment. Christian Dreger (IWH) discusses the relevance of labour market institutions like employment protection legislation and the structure of the wage bargaining process on the labour market outcome. Compared to the current setting, policies should try to introduce more flexibility in labour markets to improve the employment record. The impact of interest rate shocks on production is examined by the paper of Boris Hofmann (Deutsche Bundesbank, Frankfurt). According to the empirical evidence, monetary policy cannot explain the modest economic performance in Germany. György Barabas and Roland Döhrn (RWI Essen) have simulated the effects of a world trade shock on output and employment. The relationships have been fairly stable over the past years, even in light of the increasing globalization. Income and employment effects of the German tax reform in 2000 are discussed by Peter Haan and Viktor Steiner (DIW Berlin). On the base of a microsimulation model, household gains are determined. Also, a positive relationship between wages and labour supply can be established. Michael Feil und Gerd Zika (IAB) have examined the employment effects of a reduction of the contribution rates to the social security system. To obtain robust results, the analysis is done under alternative financing scenarios and with different macroeconometric models. The impacts of allowances of social security contributions on the incentives to work are discussed by Wolfgang Meister and Wolfgang Ochel (ifo München). According to their study, willingness to work is expected to increase especially at the lower end of the income distribution. The implied loss of contributions could be financed by higher taxes.
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The coalition treaty from a fiscal point of view
Kristina vanDeuverden
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2005
Abstract
After weeks of negotiations the coalition finally agreed on the conditions for their political work. Not surprisingly, the coalition agreement is complex and intransparent – with a multitude of single measures far away from a precise definition. Quantifying the programme and estimating resulting cash flows is currently difficult; official calculations are – if at all – only partly available. Anyhow, the contract will form the basis for economic policy during the next four years; therefore its evaluation by now is indispensable. The thin red line of the agreement – not astonishingly when considering the precarious financial situation of the public sector – is consolidation. However, more than 80% of the consolidation volume results from the revenue side. Though one third of this is due to the cutback of tax exemptions, the lion’s share comes from raising tax rates, mainly the VAT standard rate. In contrast, cutting back public expenditure is minor and the agreement clearly comes short of the Koch/Steinbrück proposal; even new tax reliefs are created. The consolidation is almost completely borne by private households. Enterprises as a whole are barely hit. However, they have to wait until 2008 for a reform of company taxation – one of the most pressing problems in this legislative period. To reduce the companies tax burden until the reform starts the conditions for tax depreciation are temporarily relaxed. Anyway, from an international point of view the statutory tax rate is an important signal to enterprises deciding where to invest. Lowering effective tax rates by changing depreciation conditions is intransparent and, thus, will be less effective. Furthermore savings within the public sector are planned to accomplish consolidation; 10 billion Euro should result from efficiency gains and reduced expenditure. Consolidation measures mainly focus on the budget of the federal government. However, Länder and communities will participate in the additional tax revenues. In contrast, social securities will loose – and therefore also the share of employment that is subject to social insurance contribution. Particularly the unemployment insurance will be burdened by the decrease of its premium rate. Besides, the federal government will reduce its grants to the pension funds and most notably the health system. The contract is dominated by fiscal constraints. Cyclical requirements are considered only cursory and pressing structural reforms are put off. The reforms of company’s taxation, of fiscal federalism, of the health system as well as a proceeding reform of the labour market are only proposed. How and when measures in these fields are realised will determine whether fiscal policy can set a new course.
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The Challenges of the Furture
Ulrich Blum
Standardization Future Conference,
2005
Abstract
Requirements for a global standardization systems are proposed with a special focus on intellectual property rights. Standards possess a strong upstream relationship to patents which must be cleared and accessible, and an important downstream aspect as their copyright must be secured. This is of special importance with respect to the definition of long-term technological roadmaps.
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