Inventory and analysis of national public policies that stimulate biotechnology research, its exploitation and commercialisation by industry in Europe in the period 2002–2005: Final Report
Inventory and analysis of national public policies that stimulate research in biotechnology, its exploitation and commercialisation by industry in Europe in the period 2002–2005,
2007
Abstract
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Challenges for Formal Standardization: the Institutional Reforms 2008 – 2010 Reconsidered.
Ulrich Blum
Standardization Research in Information Technology: New Perspectives,
2007
Abstract
This study considers the developments in international standardization over the last 20 years, particularly the status of formal standardization as compared with consortium-based industrial standardization. The report shows that the radical reform of the global formal standardization system that started in 2008, prompted by the loss of interest in formal standardization on the part of large corporations and the sometimes less than satisfactory outcomes from consortium-based industrial standardization in terms of competition and anti-trust considerations, has helped to compensate for the declining significance of national formal standardization. This specifically relates to national governments, and is to be regarded as a clearly positive development, from both the economic and the institutional and political points of view. Global public interests are now catered for by internet-supported information markets; in particular, online documentation has also enhanced the transparency of the formal standardization process and provided freedom of access for small and medium sized companies in particular, irrespective of geographical region. Finally, the study shows that the debate that took place in and around the year 2004 between Europe and the USA regarding the path towards the internationalization of formal standardization processes was superfluous, incomplete and even counterproductive, owing to the hardening of the political divisions between the two sides.
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Vernetzung und einzelwirtschaftliche Effekte von Unternehmen der Kunststoff- und Biotechnologiebranche in Mitteldeutschland - eine Analyse am Beispiel der Clusterinitiativen „Chemie/Kunststoffe“ und „Biotechnologie/Life Sciences“
Walter Komar
IWH-Sonderhefte,
No. 2,
2006
Abstract
According to theoretical implications the success of enterprises benefits from co-operation in clusters and networks. Studies of cluster and network processes show this for the industries chemistry/plastics and biotechnology/Life Sciences in Central Ger-many. Therefore enterprises which are organized in networks have better economic characteristics. Estimations of the productivity of firms using co-operation-based and non-co-operation-based factors as independent variables reveal a significantly positive influence of the propensity to co-operate as well as networking. In this regard scientific institutions and universities located in the region of firms play an important role. From this analysis it can be generalized and concluded, also concerning other industries, that networks emerge automatically under certain conditions. Nevertheless their creation and development should be encouraged, e.g. by efficiency strengthening of public research and university education as well as the intensification of co-operation and networking between the scientific and the corporate sector. This can promote the technology and human capital transfer.
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Die Automobilindustrie in den neuen Bundesländern (Studie im Auftrag des Verbands der Automobilindustrie (VDA))
Jutta Günther, Albrecht Bochow
One-off Publications,
No. 3,
2005
Abstract
Basierend auf Daten der amtlichen Statistik und Mikrodaten zur Automobilzulieferindustrie legt die Studie eine umfassende Bestandsaufnahme zur Entwicklung der Automobilindustrie in den neuen Bundesländern vor. Ausgehend von einer Darstellung der Beschäftigung, des Umsatzes und der Produktivität seit Beginn der Transformation wird ferner auf die regionale Verteilung der Aktivitäten der Automobilindustrie und deren ausgeprägte Verflechtung mit anderen Branchen des Verarbeitenden Gewerbes und des Dienstleistungsektors eingegangen. Die Mikrodaten des IIC (Industrial Investment Council) zur ostdeutschen Automobilzulieferindustrie, die sich nicht auf die statistische Kategorie „Herstellung von Teilen und Zubehör“ beschränken, sondern Teile- und Ausrüstungslieferanten der Automobilhersteller über alle Branchen hinweg erfassen, erlauben schließlich eine Bezifferung der gesamten mit der Automobilindustrie in Zusammenhang stehenden Beschäftigung und – auf Basis der Ortsangaben – auch eine genaue Lokalisierung der Betriebe. Rechnet man die Beschäftigten bei den Automobilherstellern (20.600), den Herstellern von Anhängern und Aufbauten (5.356) und der Zulieferern (111.901) zusammen, so beträgt die Zahl der direkt oder indirekt mit der Automobilindustrie verbundenen Beschäftigten in den neuen Bundesländern fast 138.000. Die Zentren der ostdeutschen Automobilindustrie liegen in Sachsen und Thüringen, obwohl sich Zulieferer inzwischen in allen Regionen Ostdeutschlands niedergelassen haben. Das zeigen die Auswertungen der amtlichen Statistik wie auch die genaue kartographische Darstellung mittels der Mikrodaten.
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Kooperation, Vernetzung und Erfolg von Unternehmen - die Biotechnologiebranche
Walter Komar
List Forum für Wirtschafts- und Finanzpolitik,
No. 2,
2005
Abstract
According to theoretical implications the succes of enterprises benefits from co-operation and integration into networks. Enterprises of the biotechnology sector in particular have a high propensity to build up co-operations. Estimations of the growth of firms using co-operation-based and non-co-operation-based factors as independent variables reveal a significantly positive influence of the propensity of co-operation as well as networking. In this regard scientific institutions and universities located in geographical proximity of firms play an important role. From this analysis it can be generalized and concluded, concerning other industries too, that networks emerge automatically under certain conditions. Nevertheless their creation and development should be encouraged, e.g. by efficiency incentives for public research and education of universities as well as an intensification of co-operation and networking between the scientific and the corporate sector. This can promote the technology and human capital transfer.
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Distance, Lending Relationships, and Competition
Hans Degryse, Steven Ongena
Journal of Finance,
No. 1,
2005
Abstract
We study the effect on loan conditions of geographical distance between firms, the lending bank, and all other banks in the vicinity. For our study, we employ detailed contract information from more than 15,000 bank loans to small firms comprising the entire loan portfolio of a large Belgian bank. We report the first comprehensive evidence on the occurrence of spatial price discrimination in bank lending. Loan rates decrease with the distance between the firm and the lending bank and increase with the distance between the firm and competing banks. Transportation costs cause the spatial price discrimination we observe.
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Konsolidierung der Biotechnologiebranche: Kernbildung erfolgreicher Unternehmen
Walter Komar
Zeitschrift für Biopolitik,
No. 4,
2004
Abstract
Mittlerweile hat sich mit der Branche der modernen Biotechnologie weltweit ein neuer Wirtschaftszweig herausgebildet, vom dem ein hoher Beitrag zum Wirtschaftswachstum erwartet wird. Dies gilt auch für Deutschland. Allerdings haben die Hoffungen einen Dämpfer bekommen. Der Biotechnologiesektor befindet sich in einer Konsolidierungsphase. Nach den vorgelegten Untersuchungsergebnissen spricht einiges dafür, dass sich im Zuge der Konsolidierung ein erfolgreicher Kern von Unternehmen herausbildet, der weiterhin prosperiert und die künftige Entwicklung der Branche tragen kann.
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Growth in biotechnology industry has come to a halt - is the industry still the great white hope?
Walter Komar
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 11,
2004
Abstract
With the modern biotechnology a new industry has appeared worldwide. In Germany, the boom of the foundation of new companies started about 1996/1997. Meanwhile the growth of the biotechnology sector has come to a hold. The biotechnology industry experiences a phase of the consolidation. This paper shows that due to consolidation a core of successful companies will develop, which continue to grow and can support the development of the new industry. Also economically less advanced regions have a chance in the modern biotechnology.
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Business services in East Germany - an update
Siegfried Beer
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 8,
2004
Abstract
The article presents the results of the German service sector statistic 2001 for company oriented services in the New Länder (without Berlin), which have been derived from data of the regional statistical offices. The article can be regarded as an update of an earlier version (see “Wirtschaft im Wandel”, 12/2003, p.342-349). Fundamental results are: 1. Compared to 2000, the New Länder’s proportion of Germany’s total revenue and employment in company oriented services has, compared to 2000, slightly increased, but remains rather small. 2. The profitability of East German companies has deteriorated, measured by total expenses per sales unit. Partially this might be due to the increased number of businesses. 3. Last evaluation’s assumption, that East German company’s labor productivity (gross value added per employees) is half of the West German’s, has been proofed in this actual evaluation. An illustration of reasons is not being provided since it has been discussed extensively in the first evaluation.
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Evolving Structural Patterns in the Enlarging European Division of Labour: Sectoral and Branch Specialisation and the Potentials for Closing the Productivity Gap
Johannes Stephan
IWH-Sonderhefte,
No. 5,
2003
Abstract
This report summarises the results generated in empirical analysis within a larger EU 5th FP RTD-project on the determinants of productivity gaps between the current EU-15 and accession states in Central East Europe. The focus of research in this part of the project is on sectoral specialisation patterns emerging as a result of intensifying integration between the current EU and a selection of six newly acceding economies, namely Estonia, Poland, the Czech and Slovak Republics, Hungary and Slovenia. The research-leading question is concerned with the role played by the respective specialisation patterns for (i) the explanation of observed productivity gaps and for (ii) the projection of future potentials of productivity growth in Central East Europe.
For the aggregated level, analysis determines the share of national productivity gaps accountable to acceding countries’ particular sectoral patterns, and their role for aggregate productivity growth: in Poland, the Slovak Republic and Hungary, sectoral shares of national productivity gaps are considerable and might evolve into a ‘barrier’ to productivity catch-up.Moreover, past productivity growth was dominated by a downward adjustment in employment rather than structural change. With the industrial sector of manufacturing having been identified as the main source of national productivity gaps and growth, the subsequent analysis focuses on the role of industrial specialisation patterns and develops an empirical model to project future productivity growth potentials. Each chapter closes with some policy conclusions.
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