Informal Networking - An Overview of the Literature and an Agenda for Future Research
Michael Schwartz, Christoph Hornych
Abstract
Informal inter-organizational networks provide manifold opportunities to organize the transfer of information, knowledge and technology between actors. Given their potential and their importance, the lack of theoretical discussion and empirical research on informal networks and their dynamics is surprising. The objective of this paper is twofold. It attempts to review the fragmented academic discussion of the notion of informal networking, thereby focusing on how these relationships emerge initially and what conditions (presumably) are required to make them a mutually fruitful and sustainable channel of the transfer of information and knowledge. On that groundwork, the most important empirical studies which try to confirm and disentangle the aforementioned basic mechanisms of informal exchange relationships are reviewed. Finally, we outline an agenda of future research directions that we encourage researchers to pursue in future empirical studies. Five important research gaps can be identified.
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Unternehmensnetzwerke in Mitteldeutschland: Häufig durch Wissenschaftseinrichtungen koordiniert
Gerhard Heimpold
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 8,
2010
Abstract
In der zweiten Hälfte der 1990er Jahre wurde in einschlägigen Studien über die Wirtschaftsentwicklung in Ostdeutschland noch eine mangelnde Vernetzung
konstatiert, obwohl bereits damals Netzwerke angesichts der Kleinteiligkeit des ostdeutschen Unternehmenssektors eine geeignete Form der Zusammenarbeit darstellten, um Transaktionskosten zu senken und günstige Bedingungen für das Hervorbringen von Innovationen zu schaffen. Diese Situation scheint sich seitdem verändert zu haben, wozu auch zahlreiche staatliche Programme zur Förderung von Netzwerkbildungen beigetragen haben dürften. Am Beispiel von 93 Unternehmensnetzwerken mit Sitz in den Regionen Leipzig, Dresden, Chemnitz und Halle (Saale) untersucht der vorliegende Beitrag Fragen der Mitgliederstrukturen und der Wahrnehmung der Koordinations- oder Ansprechpartnerfunktion. Die Befunde zeigen, dass in den analysierten Netzwerken – erwartungsgemäß – Unternehmen als Mitglieder dominieren. Sie stellen rund 64% der Netzwerkmitglieder. Die zweitgrößte Mitgliedergruppe sind die Wissenschafts- und Bildungseinrichtungen, darunter die öffentlichen universitären und außeruniversitären Wissenschaftseinrichtungen. Ein anderes Bild zeigt sich hinsichtlich der Wahrnehmung der Koordinations- oder Ansprechpartner- Funktion. Diese wird nur in rund 13% der Fälle von Unternehmen wahrgenommen. Dass nur relativ wenige Unternehmen selbst das Netzwerkmanagement übernehmen, dürfte nicht zuletzt daran liegen, dass die Etablierung und Unterhaltung von Netzwerken nicht nur Nutzen bringt, sondern auch Kosten verursacht. Dagegen spielen Wissenschafts- und Bildungseinrichtungen bei der Koordination oder als Ansprechpartner eine besonders große Rolle (rund 41% der Fälle). In einem weiteren knappen Drittel der Fälle obliegt das Netzwerkmanagement Vereinen oder Verbänden, weil sich häufig die Netzwerkmitglieder zu solchen zusammenschließen und damit das Netzwerkmanagement in deren Geschäftsstellen institutionalisieren. Ferner übernehmen auch Einrichtungen der Wirtschafts- und Technologieförderung das Netzwerkmanagement. Die Untersuchung liefert deutliche Hinweise auf die zentrale Bedeutung, die speziell Wissenschaftseinrichtungen für die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung in Ostdeutschland haben.
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Business Networks in the Leipzig, Dresden, Chemnitz and Halle Regions: Do Member Firms Locate in Spatial Proximity?
Gerhard Heimpold
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 4,
2010
Abstract
The business landscape in East Germany mainly consists of small and medium-sized firms. This in mind, business networks may contribute to an improvement of the economic performance of firms which collaborate in business networks. For successful networking a mix of network members being locally concentrated on the one side and of partners from distant regions, especially from abroad, on the other side, is important. In regional economics, this duality is highlighted for two reasons: personal contacts of partners which are located in spatial proximity to each other may ease the transfer of tacit knowledge. The flow of tacit knowledge can be regarded as a factor which enhances innovation processes. However, the inclusion of partners from abroad is important, too. It facilitates access to the most advanced knowledge and technologies worldwide. The academic debate on networking regards a one-sided orientation on the local dimension of networking as risky due to possible lock-in effects. The empirical findings for 93 business networks existing in the regions of Leipzig, Dresden, Chemnitz and Halle, which are located in the southern part of East Germany, reveal a great proportion of network members concentrated locally: On average, this is the case with more than 50% of the network members. 10% of members are located in the other three city regions mentioned. More than one third of firms are located outside, in other German regions, of which around the half in the states of Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt. A minority of 2% is located abroad. However, for the transfer of externally existing knowledge other network members may be relevant, too. To illustrate: More than four fifths of the networks under investigation include public research units (universities etc.) which usually play an important role when it comes to an inter-regional and international knowledge transfer.
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Knowledge Spill-overs for Knowledge-based Development: Progression in Theory and Obstacles for Empirical Research
Peter Franz
International Journal of Knowledge-Based Development,
2010
Abstract
As scientists and policymakers tend to interpret changes in the economy as a trend towards an increasingly knowledge-based economy, their recommendations and strategies for regional economic development frequently contain elements how to intensify the knowledge flows in the region concerned. Knowledge flows come into existence from intentional action, but also in an unintended way as externalities or knowledge spillovers. This paper reviews the ways regional and urban economics has dealt with the concept of knowledge spillovers. Knowledge spillovers are defined within a conceptual framework that points out different uses of knowledge in economics. The concept’s operationalisations in diverse empirical studies are systematised and discussed. After a critical review of the current state of research, policy strategies aiming to intensify knowledge spillovers are classified. The paper concludes with an outlook on promising new approaches to research knowledge spillovers and on the elaboration of more efficient policy strategies.
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Market Concentration and Innovation in Transnational Corporations: Evidence from Foreign Affiliates in Central and Eastern Europe
Liviu Voinea, Johannes Stephan
Research on Knowledge, Innovation and Internationalization (Progress in International Business Research, Volume 4),
2009
Abstract
Purpose – The main research question of this contribution is whether local market concentration influences R&D and innovation activities of foreign affiliates of transnational companies.
Methodology/approach – We focus on transition economies and use discriminant function analysis to investigate differences in the innovation activity of foreign affiliates operating in concentrated markets, compared to firms operating in nonconcentrated markets. The database consists of the results of a questionnaire administered to a representative sample of foreign affiliates in a selection of five transition economies.
Findings – We find that foreign affiliates in more concentrated markets, when compared to foreign affiliates in less concentrated markets, export more to their own foreign investor's network, do more basic and applied research, use more of the existing technology already incorporated in the products of their own foreign investor's network, do less process innovation, and acquire less knowledge from abroad.
Research limitations/implications – The results may be specific to transition economies only.
Practical implications – The main implications of these results are that host country market concentration stimulates intranetwork knowledge diffusion (with a risk of transfer pricing), while more intense competition stimulates knowledge creation (at least as far as process innovation is concerned) and knowledge absorption from outside the affiliates' own network. Policy makers should focus their support policies on companies in more competitive sectors, as they are more likely to transfer new technologies.
Originality/value – It contributes to the literature on the relationship between market concentration and innovation, based on a unique survey database of foreign affiliates of transnational corporations operating in Eastern Europe.
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European Commission, Leibniz Association and IWH Discuss Innovation Related Policy in Transitions Regions
Björn Jindra, Katja Wilde
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 7,
2009
Abstract
On February 17, 2009, the Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH) and the Leibniz Association (WGL) held the final conference of the EU-project “Understanding the Relationship between Knowledge and Competitiveness in the Enlarging European Union” (U-know) in Brussels. The research dealt with systemic aspects of innovation and knowledge transfer as well as the development of R&D (research and development) and innovation related policy. Thereby, a particular emphasis was put on the challenges facing the new EU member states and East Germany. The research project proved to be very productive with 54 research papers in refereed journals as well as 33 articles in edited volumes.
The aim of the conference was to present and discuss the main results of the U-know project with experts from the industry as well as the political and scientific community. Within four parallel sessions (Enterprises and markets, Public science and industry links, Systems and governance, Role of institutions), research output was presented. Representatives of the EU Commission commented directly on the presentations with a view on policy implications. In a final panel, all participants underlined the increasing importance of education, R&D, and innovation related policy to support the competitiveness of the EU-15 countries as well as the catching-up process of the new EU member states. The conference has raised significant interest both within the scientific community and the EU Commission.
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Aktuelle Trends: Gemeinsam statt einsam: Forschungskooperationen auswärtiger Investoren in Ostdeutschland
Jutta Günther, Björn Jindra, Johannes Stephan
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 5,
2009
Abstract
Auswärtige Investoren, das heißt Tochtergesellschaften ausländischer und westdeutscher multinationaler Unternehmen mit Sitz in den Neuen Bundesländern (NBL), bilden mit ca. 3 500 Gesellschaften und über 500 000 Beschäftigten im Produzierenden Gewerbe und in ausgewählten Dienstleistungsbranchen einen wichtigen Bestandteil der ostdeutschen Wirtschaft (einschließlich Berlin). Nicht selten finden sich in dieser Gruppe große und technologieorientierte Unternehmen mit strukturbestimmendem Charakter. Das IWH befragt diese Unternehmen daher jährlich insbesondere zu ihren Forschungs- und Entwicklungsaktivitäten.
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The Role of the Intellectual Property Rights Regime for Foreign Investors in Post-Socialist Economies
Benedikt Schnellbächer, Johannes Stephan
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 4,
2009
Abstract
We integrate international business theory on foreign direct investment (FDI) with institutional theory on intellectual property rights (IPR) to explain characteristics and behaviour of foreign investment subsidiaries in Central East Europe, a region with an IPR regime-gap vis-à-vis West European countries. We start from the premise that FDI may play a crucial role for technological catch-up development in Central East Europe via technology and knowledge transfer. By use of a unique dataset generated at the IWH in collaboration with a European consortium in the framework of an EU-project, we assess the role played by the IPR regimes in a selection of CEE countries as a factor for corporate governance and control of foreign invested subsidiaries, for their own technological activity, their trade relationships, and networking partners for technological activity. As a specific novelty to the literature, we assess the in influence of the strength of IPR regimes on corporate control of subsidiaries and conclude that IPR-sensitive foreign investments tend to have lower functional autonomy, tend to cooperate more intensively within their transnational network and yet are still technologically more active than less IPR-sensitive subsidiaries. In terms of economic policy, this leads to the conclusion that the FDI will have a larger developmental impact if the IPR regime in the host economy is sufficiently strict.
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In which Ways do Universities React to New Technologies? The Case of Photovoltaics
Peter Franz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2008
Abstract
Universities can be conceived as actors in regional innovative systems with the functions to make available new knowledge for a region, to contribute to the human capital formation by teaching, and to the extension of the knowledge by research. These functions are in particular important concerning the adaptation of new technologies, e.g. photovoltaics. 89 German universities – amongst them 65 universities of applied sciences – meanwhile offer 171 full-time study courses with a degree oriented to photovoltaics. Each federal state has at least one university location offering such degrees. A certain spatial concentration of courses can be shown for Saxony, for the Ruhr Area and for the Rhine Main Region. Almost 90% of the degrees are offered by faculties of engineering. 43% of the universities with degrees in photovoltaics have successfully applied for research grants from the photovoltaics research programs of the federal government. These numbers show a spatial concentration of research in the South whereas the photovoltaics industry is concentrated in the East of Germany. This distribution indicates that the research opportunities tied to the photovoltaics industry are not in the Eastern part of Germany. Further research will have to pay more attention to the role of research institutes.
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