Does the Technological Content of Government Demand Matter for Private R&D? Evidence from US States
Viktor Slavtchev, Simon Wiederhold
Abstract
Governments purchase everything from airplanes to zucchini. This paper investigates the role of the technological content of government procurement in innovation. We theoretically show that a shift in the composition of public purchases toward high-tech products translates into higher economy-wide returns to innovation, leading to an increase in the aggregate level of private research and development (R&D). Collecting unique panel data on federal procurement in US states, we find that reshuffling procurement toward high-tech industries has an economically and statistically significant positive effect on private R&D, even after extensively controlling for other R&D determinants. Instrumental-variable estimations support a causal interpretation of our findings.
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The Role of Entrepreneurship in US Job Creation and Economic Dynamism
Ryan A. Decker, John Haltiwanger, Ron S. Jarmin, Javier Miranda
Journal of Economic Perspectives,
No. 3,
2014
Abstract
An optimal pace of business dynamics—encompassing the processes of entry, exit, expansion, and contraction—would balance the benefits of productivity and economic growth against the costs to firms and workers associated with reallocation of productive resources. It is difficult to prescribe what the optimal pace should be, but evidence accumulating from multiple datasets and methodologies suggests that the rate of business startups and the pace of employment dynamism in the US economy has fallen over recent decades and that this downward trend accelerated after 2000. A critical factor in accounting for the decline in business dynamics is a lower rate of business startups and the related decreasing role of dynamic young businesses in the economy. For example, the share of US employment accounted for by young firms has declined by almost 30 percent over the last 30 years. These trends suggest that incentives for entrepreneurs to start new firms in the United States have diminished over time. We do not identify all the factors underlying these trends in this paper but offer some clues based on the empirical patterns for specific sectors and geographic regions.
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Plant-based Bioeconomy in Central Germany - Mapping of Actors, Industries and Places
Wilfried Ehrenfeld, Frieder Kropfhäußer
Abstract
The challenges facing the 21st century, presented by a growing global population, range from food security to sustainable energy supplies to the diminishing availability of fossil raw materials. An attempt to solve these problems is made by using the concept of bioeconomy. Plants, in particular, possess an important function in this context - they can be used either as a source of food or, in the form of biomass, for industrial or energy purposes. Linking industrial and agricultural research and production, bioeconomy provides growth potential, in particular in rural areas.
The aim of this article is therefore to outline the status of plant-based bioeconomy
in three states of Central Germany - Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia - and to compare this to German plant-based bioeconomy. We take an in-depth look at the different sectors and outline the industries involved, the location and age of the enterprises as well as the distribution of important NACE codes. In conclusion, we highlight the significant number of new or small enterprises and the high research and innovation rate of Central Germany. We also stress the future potential of Central German plant-based bioeconomy as well as the importance of a more plant-focusedview of the technology sector.
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Musterknabe Osteuropa: Subventionskontrolle und staatliche Beihilfen
Jens Hölscher
Wirtschaftsdienst,
No. 5,
2014
Abstract
Ten years after the biggest enlargement in the history of the EU, the integration of the new member states is assessed positively. It is considered an economic success when looking at the income levels. However, due to overly optimistic assumptions and the crisis, economic integration and the catching-up process will take much longer for the new EU member states than originally expected. Moreover, new challenges are looming, especially as the Central and Eastern European accession countries adopt the euro. Smaller countries introduced the euro as quickly as possible, whereas larger countries have been much more hesitant, thinking twice not only because of several unsolved problems in the euro area but also because they use the exchange rate tool much more intensively. All new member states have to make sure they continue to increase their productivity and competitiveness. Findings suggest that after having entered the EU, the new eastern member states appear to have been developing rather stringent competition cultures. Bulgaria and Romania’s transition performance significantly differs from the pattern in the 2004 accession countries, both in terms of quantitative growth and institutional quality. These countries show that EU funds can be highly counter-productive since they help to conserve old structures.
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Upturn in German Economy, but Economic Policy Creates Headwind: Joint Economic Forecast Spring 2014
Dienstleistungsauftrag des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Technologie,
2014
Abstract
The German economy is experiencing an upturn in spring 2014. Gross domestic product (GDP) is expected to grow by 1.9 percent this year. The 68 percent projection interval ranges from 1.2 percent to 2.6 percent. Domestic demand is the main driver of growth. Consumer prices will increase by a moderate 1.3 percent in 2014. The number of persons in employment looks set to rise steeply once again in 2014. Economic activity, however, will have to weather an economic policy headwind. The entitlement to a full pension as of 63 years is a step in the wrong direction and the introduction of the minimum wage will curb the rise in employment in 2015.
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Mittelfristige Projektion der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung in den Jahren 2014 bis 2018
Katja Drechsel, Oliver Holtemöller, Brigitte Loose, Götz Zeddies
Konjunktur aktuell,
No. 2,
2014
Abstract
Angesichts der langsamen Erholung des Euroraums und des für Deutschland zu niedrigen Zinsniveaus wird die deutsche Wirtschaft bis zum Ende des Projektionszeitraums um durchschnittlich 1¾% wachsen; das nominale Bruttoinlandsprodukt wird um durchschnittlich 3¾% zunehmen.
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Der Koalitionsvertrag und die mittelfristige wirtschaftliche Entwicklung in Deutschland – mittelfristige Projektion für die Jahre 2013 bis 2018
Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch, Katja Drechsel, Oliver Holtemöller, Brigitte Loose, Götz Zeddies
Konjunktur aktuell,
No. 1,
2014
Abstract
Die schwache Entwicklung im Winterhalbjahr 2012/2013 hat auch ein niedrigeres durchschnittliches Wirtschaftswachstum in der mittleren Frist in Deutschland zur Folge als noch im Herbst unterstellt. Unter Berücksichtigung der Prognose für die Jahre 2014 und 2015 des IWH vom Dezember 2013 ist zwischen 2012 und 2018 mit einer durchschnittlichen Wachstumsrate des Bruttoinlandsproduktes von 1¼% pro Jahr zu rechnen. Hierbei wird angenommen, dass die Kapazitäten der deutschen Wirtschaft mittelfristig leicht überdurchschnittlich ausgelastet sein werden, unter anderem weil die einheitliche europäische Geldpolitik in Deutschland noch längere Zeit expansiv wirken dürfte. Die Einführung eines flächendeckenden gesetzlichen Mindestlohns dürfte hingegen dämpfend wirken.
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IT Use, Productivity, and Market Power in Banking
Michael Koetter, Felix Noth
Journal of Financial Stability,
No. 4,
2013
Abstract
Information management is a core process in banking that can resolve information asymmetries and thereby help to mitigate competitive pressure. We test if the use of information technology (IT) contributes to bank output, and how IT-augmented bank productivity relates to differences in market power. Detailed bank-level information on the use of IT reveals a substantial upward bias in bank productivity estimates when ignoring banks’ IT expenditures. IT-augmented bank productivity correlates positively with Lerner markups. A mere increase in IT expenditures, however, reduces markups. Results hold across a range of bank output definitions and productivity estimation methods.
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