Vertical and horizontal patterns of intra-industry trade between EU and candidate countries
Hubert Gabrisch
IWH-Sonderhefte,
No. 2,
2003
Abstract
Trade between the European Union (EU) and the Transition Economies (TE) is increasingly characterised by intra-industry trade. The decomposition of intra-industry trade into horizontal and vertical shares reveals predominantly vertical structures with decisively more quality advantages for the EU and less quality advantages for TE countries whenever trade has been liberalised. Empirical research on factors determining this structure in a EU-TE framework lags behind theoretical and empirical research on horizontal and vertical trade in other regions of the world. The main objective of this paper is therefore to contribute to the ongoing debate on EU-TE trade structures by offering an explanation of vertical trade. We utilise a cross-country approach in which relative wage differences, country size and income distribution play a leading role. We find first that relative differences in wages (per capita income) and country size explain intra-industry trade when trade is vertical and completely liberalised, and second that cross-country differences in income distribution play no explanatory role. We conclude that EU firms have been able to increase their product quality and to shift low-quality segments to TE countries. This may suggest a product-quality cycle prevalent in EU-TE trade.
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The home market - precondition for export business of East German industrial enterprises
Brigitte Loose, Udo Ludwig
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 2,
2003
Abstract
This article deals with the presence of East German manufacturers in foreign product markets. The following questions are discussed: Which factories sell their products abroad? What influences the export activities? Hypotheses are built on the basis of different trade theories, such as the relative position of the enterprises in their home market, the cumulation of learning effects in production and sales, the saturation of the domestic market and others. Individual data sets from industrial surveys for 1995 and 2000 are used to reveal the relationship between the company’s technical as well as institutional characteristics and their participation in export activities. Bivariate and multivariate approaches are applied. Additionally, a sample of enterprises has been asked to assess their export activities.
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Der Exportsektor im ostdeutschen Verarbeitenden Gewerbe und seine Bedeutung für das betriebliche Wachstum - eine Auswertung von Mikrodaten der amtlichen Statistik und einer IWH-Industrieumfrage -
Brigitte Loose, Udo Ludwig
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 169,
2003
Abstract
This paper deals with the presence of East German manufacturers in foreign product markets. The following questions are discussed: Which factories sell their products abroad? What influences the export activities? Hypotheses are built on the basis of different trade theories, such as the relative position of the enterprises in their home market, the cumulation of learning effects in production and sales, the saturation of the domestic market and others. Individual data sets from industrial surveys for 1995 and 2000 are used to reveal the relationship between the company’s technical as well as institutional characteristics and their participation in export activities. Bivariate and multivariate approaches are applied. Additionally, a sample of enterprises has been asked to assess their export activities.
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Intra-industry trade and the productivity gap in the enlarged EU
Hubert Gabrisch
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 16,
2002
Abstract
Trade between the European Union (EU) and the Transition Economies (TE) is increasingly characterised by intra-industry trade. The decomposition of intra-industry trade into horizontal and vertical shares reveals predominantly vertical structures with decisively more quality advantages for the EU and less quality advantages for TE countries whenever trade has been liberalised. Sizeable foreign direct investment did obviously not reduce the superiority of producers in the EU in terms of technology, capital and human capital. The productivity gap between the EU and TE countries remains. EU firms have been able to increase their product quality and to shift low-quality segments of production to TE countries. This may suggest a product-quality cycle prevalent in EU-TE trade. The testing of this model confirms the assumptions.
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Hardly any technology spillovers from supplier contacts of foreign subsidiaries in Hungary
Jutta Günther
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 13,
2002
Abstract
“Almost no technology spillovers via supplier contacts of foreign subsidiaries in Hungary“ Transition economies in the process of catching-up expect that interactions between modern equipped foreign subsidiaries and backward local companies lead to technology spillovers, especially via supplier contacts. The explorative empirical study shows, however, that linkages between foreign subsidiaries and local firms do hardly exist. First, this is due to the fact that the foreign affiliates largely stick to suppliers in their home countries. Second, the technological disparities between foreign subsidiaries and local firms - the so-called dual structure of economy - hinders cooperation in the field of supplier contacts.
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Subjective assessments of life situation in East and West Germany still differ
Cornelia Lang
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 11,
2002
Abstract
One of the expected outcomes of the German unification was a rapidly rising living standard in East Germany. With the realization that the convergence oft the living conditions between East and West Germany will take much longer than most people anticipated, widespread disillusionment set in. Our analysis of a survey reveals that there are still significant differences in the assessment of their personal economic conditions and their views about the general business situation between East- and West-Germans.
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FDI as Multiplier of Modern Technology in Hungarian Industry
Jutta Günther
Intereconomics,
No. 5,
2002
Abstract
Foreign direct investment is generally expected to play a significant role as a multiplier of modern production and management know-how in Central Eastern European transition economies. The following paper examines the various mechanisms by which such technological spillover effects could in theory take place and compares them with the results of an empirical study of their practical significance for Hungarian industry.
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Die wirtschaftliche Lage der Republik Belarus - Neunzehnter Bericht -
IWH-Sonderhefte,
No. 1,
2002
Abstract
Das reale Wirtschaftswachstum verlangsamte sich im Jahr 2001 auf 4% gegenüber dem Vorjahr. Stimuliert wurde es durch eine Ankurbelung der privaten Nachfrage. Auslöser hierfür war die schrittweise Anhebung des durchschnittlichen Monatslohns im staatlichen Sektor auf umgerechnet 100 US-Dollar. Die Lohnerhöhung war ein wichtiges Versprechen von Präsident Lukaschenko für die Präsidentschaftswahlen im September 2001. Die höheren Löhne im Staatssektor induzierten Lohnerhöhungen in anderen Bereichen der Volkswirtschaft. Dies hatte schwerwiegende ökonomische Auswirkungen: Die Unternehmen verzeichneten einen erheblichen Gewinneinbruch und kürzten die Investitionsausgaben. Aufgrund von Liquiditätsproblemen stiegen die Zahlungsrückstände, und die Bartergeschäfte nahmen zu. Zahlungsschwierigkeiten bei den Abnehmern resultierten in einer höheren Lagerhaltung. Auf Seiten der privaten Haushalte führte der Einkommenszuwachs zu einer höheren Nachfrage nach Devisen, die die Nationalbank veranlasste, auf dem Devisenmarkt zu intervenieren, um den Wechselkurs zu stabilisieren. Im Endeffekt fand lediglich ein Devisentransfer von der Nationalbank in die Hände der privaten Haushalte zu Lasten der Devisenreserven statt. Nur Dank der veränderten Kassenhaltungsgewohnheiten der Bevölkerung führte die Geldmengenausweitung noch nicht zu einer Beschleunigung der Inflation. Der föderale Haushalt verzeichnete erhebliche Ausfälle bei der Gewinnsteuer. Hinzu kamen steigende Steuerzahlungsrückstände. Insgesamt war – wie bereits in den vergangenen Jahren – die Stabilisierung der sozialen Lage der Bevölkerung ein Schwerpunkt der Wirtschaftspolitik. Dies ging zu Lasten der längerfristigen Wachstumsaussichten. Der Kapitalstock ist weitgehend obsolet geworden. Die verordneten Lohnerhöhungen orientierten sich nicht an den Produktivitätssteigerungen. Gleichwohl war die ausgewiesene Arbeitslosigkeit vergleichsweise niedrig. Mit umfangreichen Eingriffen der Regierung in die Preis- und Lohnbildung und in die Beschäftigungs- und Produktionsentscheidungen der Unternehmen weist das Land charakteristische Merkmale eines sozialistischen Wohlfahrtsstaates auf, der langfristig – aus ökonomischer Sicht – nicht tragfähig ist. Kurzfristig erfolgt das Einkommenswachstum aus dem Substanzverzehr des Kapitalstocks. Für das Jahr 2002 ist eine Wachstumsrate des BIP von 2% bis 3% zu erwarten, die sich im Jahr 2003 weiter auf etwa 1% bis 2% abschwächen wird.
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The significance of FDI for innovation activities within domestic firms - The case of Central East European transition economies
Jutta Günther
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 162,
2002
Abstract
Foreign direct investment is expected to play a significant role as a multiplier of modern production- and management-know-how in Central East European transition economies. The so-called technology-spillovers are explained through externalities or extra-marketlinkages. In practice they can take place via demonstration effects, labor mobility, supplier contacts, customer contacts or networking activities. However, the empirical study on the example of Hungarian industry shows that foreign owned and domestic firms – mainly due to their strong technological disparities – build virtually separate spheres within the industrial sector. Thus, technology-spillovers do hardly appear as an innovation-stimulating means for domestic companies.
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Are the Central and Eastern European Transition Countries still vullnerable to an Financial Crisis? Results from the Signals Approach
Axel Brüggemann, Thomas Linne
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 157,
2002
Abstract
The aim of the paper is to analyse the vulnerability of the Central and Eastern European accession countries to the EU as well as that of Turkey and Russia to a financial crisis. Our methodology is an extension of the signals approach. We develop a composite indicator to measure the evolution of the risk potential in each country. Our findings show that crises in Central and Eastern Europe are caused by much the usual suspects as in others emerging markets. In particular an overvalued exchange rate, weak exports and dwindling currency reserves have good predictive power for assessing crisis vulnerabilities.
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