Methods and Problems of Regional Economic Projections
Maike Irrek, Oliver Holtemöller
Flächennutzungsmonitoring IV. Genauere Daten – informierte Akteure – praktisches Handeln. IÖR-Schriften 60,
2012
Abstract
Regional economic projections are fundamental for political decision-making in several fields, including land use. Residential as well as commercial land use is affected by regional economic growth. This article describes the methodology and problems of regional economic projections using the example of a medium and long-term projection model for the economic development in Germany and the German states. The model utilizes the production function approach and updates the factors of production, labor and capital, as well as productivity via time series econometric methods. The results for Germany as a whole show that gross domestic product will continue increasing during the time period of 2011 to 2025 despite the demographically caused decline of hours worked. However, the varying forms of demographic change in the German states will lead to regional growth differentials. This is exemplified by a comparison between Saxony and Baden-Württemberg.
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Editorial
Herbert S. Buscher
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 10,
2012
Abstract
Vor wenigen Tagen teilte das Statistische Bundesamt mit, dass Deutschland das Land mit dem höchsten Anteil älterer Bürger in Europa ist. Eine niedrige Geburtenrate sowie die gestiegene Lebenserwartung bewirken, dass sich die Bevölkerungsstruktur in den nächsten Jahren weiter in Richtung der Älteren verändern wird. Damit gerät diese Bevölkerungsgruppe immer mehr in das öffentliche Interesse: als Konsumenten, als (zusätzliche) Arbeitskräfte oder bedingt durch die in den kommenden Jahren voraussichtlich zunehmende Altersarmut.
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Unbezahlte Überstunden in Deutschland
Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch, Katja Drechsel, Birgit Schultz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 10,
2012
Abstract
Im gesamtwirtschaftlichen Arbeitsvolumen werden unbezahlte Überstunden – im Unterschied zu bezahlten Überstunden und der Saldenveränderung auf Arbeitszeitkonten – bislang nicht berücksichtigt. Der in Arbeitsstunden gemessene Arbeitsinput wird damit zu gering ausgewiesen. Jedoch tragen auch die unbezahlten Überstunden in erheblichem Maße zur gesamtwirtschaftlichen Produktion bei. Der vorliegende Aufsatz führt zunächst Erklärungsansätze des paradox erscheinenden Phänomens unbezahlter Überstunden an. Danach wird erläutert, wie auf der Grundlage des Soziooekonomischen Panels (SOEP) die Zahl der von einem Arbeitnehmer unbezahlt geleisteten Arbeitsstunden ermittelt und zu einer gesamtwirtschaftlichen Größe hochgerechnet werden kann. Die Analyse zeigt, dass im Jahr 2010 das unbezahlte Arbeitsvolumen mit etwa 1,4 Mrd. Stunden veranschlagt werden kann. Das entsprach 2,9% des gesamtwirtschaftlichen Arbeitsvolumens. Der Anteil des bezahlten Überstundenvolumens betrug 2,7%. Hinter diesen gesamtwirtschaftlichen Angaben verbergen sich jedoch große strukturelle Unterschiede. Die einzelnen Beschäftigungsgruppen leisten in unterschiedlichem Maße unbezahlte Überstunden – besonders viele sind es etwa bei Arbeitnehmern in Führungspositionen. Deshalb dürfte vor allem bei Strukturanalysen der Faktoreinsatz mitunter nicht adäquat abgebildet sein. Doch auch bei gesamtwirtschaftlichen Analysen kann es zu Verzerrungen, beispielsweise bei der Messung der Arbeitsproduktivität oder der Lohnkostenbelastung der Produktion, kommen.
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Upturn in Saxony-Anhalt in between structural Barriers
Udo Ludwig, Brigitte Loose
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 7,
2011
Abstract
The gross domestic product of Saxony-Anhalt will increase by 2.6% in 2011. Due to structural reasons the growth is lower than in Germany. In Saxony-Anhalt the key growth driver, the engineering industry, are poorly represented. The previously strong food industry suffers under the pressure of rising commodity prices. The growth gap is explained also from a slowing dynamics in the industry later this year, what is already indicated in the intermediate goods sector, which is the most important part in Saxony-Anhalt´s industry. In addition, the dynamics of household demand for consumer goods and housing is weaker because of the sharp decline in population. Furthermore, the government sector slows in connection with the consolidation of public budgets. The growth gap compared to the average of the New Federal States in total also stems from the fact that the recovery in Saxony-Anhalt had progressed rapidly in the previous year.
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Part-time Jobs Again Determine Working Time
Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 6,
2011
Abstract
During the economic crisis in 2009 mainly the reducing of working hours prevented a strong reduction of employment. This was achieved by the expansion of short time and the reduction of overtime on the one hand and by the replacement of full-time jobs through part-time jobs on the other. Meanwhile the average working time per employee has achieved again the level before the crisis. The most important factor which influences further development of working time is the extension of part-time jobs.
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Regulation and Taxation: A Complementarity
Benjamin Schoefer
Journal of Comparative Economics,
No. 4,
2010
Abstract
I show how quantity regulation can lower elasticities and thereby increase optimal tax rates. Such regulation imposes regulatory incentives for particular choice quantities. Their strength varies between zero (laissez faire) and infinite (command economy). In the latter case, regulation effectively eliminates any intensive behavioral responses to taxes; a previously distortionary tax becomes a lump sum. For intermediate regulation (where some deviation is feasible), intensive behavioral responses are still weaker than under zero regulation, and so quantity regulation reduces elasticities, thereby facilitating subsequent taxation. I apply this mechanism to labor supply and present correlational evidence for this complementarity: hours worked in high-regulation countries are compressed, and these countries tax labor at higher rates.
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Low Skill but High Volatility?
Claudia M. Buch
CESifo Working Paper No. 2665,
2009
Abstract
Globalization may impose a double-burden on low-skilled workers. On the one hand, the relative supply of low-skilled labor increases. This suppresses wages of low-skilled workers and/or increases their unemployment rates. On the other hand, low-skilled workers typically face more limited access to financial markets than high-skilled workers. This limits their ability to smooth shocks to income intertemporally and to share risks across borders. Using cross-country, industry-level data for the years 1970 - 2004, we document how the volatility of hours worked and of wages of workers at different skill levels has changed over time. We develop a stylized theoretical model that is consistent with the empirical evidence, and we test the predictions of the model. Our results show that greater financial globalization and development increases the volatility of employment, and this effect is strongest for low-skilled workers. A higher share of low-skilled employment has a dampening impact.
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Working time arrangement in the EU from the viewpoint of the employees: Results from the ad hoc labour market surveys
Cornelia Lang
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 4,
2006
Abstract
Despite the general improvement in the EU’s labour market performance, there are still large differences between individual countries. And there are differences in some fields between the pre-enlargement EU Member States and the recently acceded Member States. One explanation for these differences may be the predominance of former socialist countries with centrally planned economies among new member states. The article deals with the results of the ad hoc labour market survey of the European Commission. One of its subjects is the flexible use of labour. The main findings are: A working week of between 35 and 40 hours, distributed more or less evenly over the five working days, is the rule for the majority of employees. Part-time work is still dominated by women. Overtime is relatively common for most of the full-time employed. When asked if they would be prepared to accept more flexible working time, the interviewees do not favour all possible types of flexibility to the same extent. The most favoured model is either lengthening or shortening the regular working day. In the former socialist countries people work longer hours and they are more flexible with respect to how far they have to travel and the hours they have to work in order to keep their job.
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Flexible utilization of labor strengthens industrial enterprises´ ability to adapt to fluctuations in business - an empirical east-west comparison based on the IAB company panel
Brigitte Loose, Udo Ludwig
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2004
Abstract
Based on an individual data set, this article investigates the question of which conventional methods and new instruments companies use to adapt to fluctuations in business and what distinguishes these companies from other ones which have not implemented such instruments. In particular, the role of the technical equipment as well as the personnel policy and tariff policy are analyzed. An empirical comparison between the East and West German manufacturing industries demonstrates whether East German firms have competitive advantages. While the technological conditions for firms´ flexibility are somewhat less pronounced in East German, the proportion of “standardized“ and flexible employment is nearly the same in the East-West comparison. Differences exist among small, middle-sized and large firms as well as among types of yield. The weak orientation with respect to agreed wages and hours worked as well as the mainly gratuitous reduction of unpaid overtime which can be implemented over the whole year, prove to be an advantage. The investigation is based on a data set from the IAB company panel of manufacturing industries in 2003.
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