Auf die Erhöhung des Mindestlohns auf 12 Euro im Oktober 2022 haben rund 30 Prozent der Betriebe in Deutschland mit Lohnerhöhungen reagiert. Eine weitere Anhebung des Mindestlohns auf 14 Euro könnte mehr als jeden zweiten Betrieb betreffen. Etwa ein Drittel der Betriebe, die direkt davon betroffen wären, geht davon aus, innerhalb der kommenden zwölf Monate Beschäftigung abbauen zu müssen.

We study the productivity effect of the German national minimum wage by applying administrative firm data. At the firm level, we confirm positive effects on wages and negative employment effects and document higher productivity even net of output price increases. We find higher wages but no employment effects at the level of aggregate industry × region cells. The minimum wage increased aggregate productivity in manufacturing. We do not find that employment reallocation across firms contributed to these aggregate productivity gains, nor do we find improvements in allocative efficiency. Instead, the productivity gains from the minimum wage result from within-firm productivity improvements only.

We study the productivity effect of the German national minimum wage combining administrative firm datasets. We analyze firm- and market-level effects, considering output price changes, factor substitution, firm entry and exit, labor reallocation, and short- versus long-run effects. We document higher firm productivity even net of output price increases. Productivity gains are persistent in manufacturing and service sectors. The minimum wage also increased manufacturing productivity at the aggregate level. Neither firm entry and exit nor other forms of employment reallocation between firms contributed to these gains. Instead, aggregate productivity gains from the minimum wage solely stem from within-firm productivity improvements.

Using a newly collected dataset of robot use at the plant level from 2014 to 2018, we provide the first microscopic portrait of robotisation in Germany and study the potential determinants of robot adoption. Our descriptive analysis uncovers five stylised facts concerning both extensive and, perhaps more importantly, intensive margin of plant-level robot use: (1) Robot use is relatively rare with only 1.55% German plants using robots in 2018. (2) The distribution of robots is highly skewed. (3) New robot adopters contribute substantially to the recent robotisation. (4) Robot users are exceptional along several dimensions of plant-level characteristics. (5) Heterogeneity in robot types matters. Our regression results further suggest plant size, low-skilled labour share, and exporter status to have strong and positive effect on future probability of robot adoption. Manufacturing plants impacted by the introduction of minimum wage in 2015 are also more likely to adopt robots. However, controlling for plant size, we find that plant-level productivity has no, if not negative, impact on robot adoption.

Income inequality has been a major concern of economic policy makers for several years. Can minimum wages help to mitigate inequality? In 2015, the German government introduced a nationwide statutory minimum wage to reduce income inequality by improving the labour income of low-wage employees. However, the employment effects of wage increases depend on time and region specific conditions and, hence, they cannot be known in advance. Because negative employment effects may offset the income gains for low-wage employees, it is important to evaluate minimum-wage policies empirically. We estimate the employment effects of the German minimum-wage introduction using panel regressions on the state-industry-level. We find a robust negative effect of the minimum wage on marginal and a robust positive effect on regular employment. In terms of the number of jobs, our results imply a negative overall effect. Hence, low-wage employees who are still employed are better off at the expense of those who have lost their jobs due to the minimum wage.

Labour market institutions are policy interventions aiming to improve labour market outcomes in terms of employment and wages. However, because labour markets are complex, it is not straight forward whether these policy interventions achieve their objectives. Instead, they may result in the opposite or induce side effects. In this dissertation, the impact of minimum wages and employment protection legislation on employment are studied. The first chapter discusses labour market institutions, focusing on the above mentioned polices. The second chapter analyses the effects of the German minimum-wage introduction on employment. The findings suggest that marginal employment decreased while regular employment increased. The third chapter studies the same policy with respect to a different aspect: The minimum wage attracts labour mobility from low-wage neighbouring countries (the Czech Republic and Poland) in the respective border regions. This inflow of foreign workers does not have a negative effect on native employment. The fourth chapter addresses a shortcoming of existing NK-SAM models that allow embedding employment protection legislation. A proposed extension improves the models’ empirical relevance under a restrictive assumption.

Im Jahr 2014 waren mehr als 38 Mio. Personen in Deutschland als Arbeitnehmer beschäftigt. Sie produzierten vor allem Güter für den Konsum, für Investitionen in Ausrüstungen und Bauten sowie den Export, aber auch Vorleistungsgüter, die als Bestandteil der Wertschöpfungsketten indirekt in deren Entstehung eingingen. Hier ist wirtschafts- und lohnpolitisch interessant, in welchen quantitativen Verhältnissen der Einsatz der Beschäftigten in der Vorleistungsgüterproduktion zur Endverwendung im Wirtschaftskreislauf steht. Dieses Interesse richtet sich nicht nur auf die Personenzahl, sondern im Besonderen auch auf deren Entlohnung. Ein Augenmerk liegt dabei bei den Beschäftigten, deren Löhne 2014 dem Mindestlohn 2015 (8,50 Euro) entsprachen.