Macroeconomic Imbalances as Indicators for Debt Crises in Europe
Tobias Knedlik, Gregor von Schweinitz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 10,
2011
Abstract
Die Schulden- und Vertrauenskrise in Europa hat eine intensive Diskussion über die makroökonomische Koordinierung ausgelöst. Die bestehenden Institutionen, darunter auch der Stabilitäts- und Wachstumspakt, haben sich als Krisenpräventions- und Krisenmanagementinstrumente nicht bewährt. Ein Vorschlag in der gegenwärtigen Debatte lautet, anhand geeigneter Frühindikatoren eine regelmäßige und systematische makroökonomische
Überwachung vorzunehmen, um sich anbahnende Krisen früh erkennen und darauf reagieren zu können. Dieser Beitrag stellt die Prognosegüte von vier vorgeschlagenen Indikatorensets vergleichend dar, wobei sowohl die Güte
von Einzelindikatoren als auch die Güte aggregierter Gesamtindikatoren betrachtet werden. Die verschiedenen Einzelindikatoren weisen eine sehr unterschiedliche Prognosequalität auf, wobei sich neben dem Staatsdefizit
besonders die Arbeitsmarktindikatoren, die private Verschuldung und der Leistungsbilanzsaldo durch eine hohe Prognosegüte auszeichnen. Unter den Gesamtindikatoren schneiden besonders jene gut ab, die sowohl viele unterschiedliche als auch besonders gute Einzelindikatoren beinhalten. Deshalb wird für den Einsatz eines breit basierten Gesamtindikators bei der makroökonomischen Überwachung plädiert. Dieser sollte zudem aus gleichgewichteten Einzelindikatoren zusammengesetzt sein, um der Tatsache Rechnung zu tragen, dass die Ursachen künftiger Krisen vorab nicht bekannt sind.
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Central and Eastern European Countries in the Global Financial Crisis: A Typical Twin Crisis?
Diemo Dietrich, Tobias Knedlik, Axel Lindner
Post-Communist Economies,
Vol. 23 (4),
2011
Abstract
This paper shows that during the Great Recession, banking and currency crises occurred simultaneously in Central and Eastern Europe. Events, however, differed widely from what happened during the Asian crisis that usually serves as the model case for the concept of twin crises. We look at three elements that help explaining the nature of events in Central and Eastern Europe: the problem of currency mismatches, the relation between currency and banking crises, and the importance of multinational banks for financial stability. It is shown that theoretical considerations concerning internal capital markets of multinational banks help understand what happened on capital markets and in the financial sector of the region. We discuss opposing effects of multinational banking on financial stability and find that institutional differences are the key to understand differing effects of the global financial crisis. In particular, we argue that it matters if international activities are organized by subsidiaries or by cross-border financial services, how large the share of foreign currency-denominated credit is and whether the exchange rate is fixed or flexible. Based on these three criteria we give an explanation why the pattern of the crisis in the Baltic States differed markedly from that in Poland and the Czech Republic, the two largest countries of the region.
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Macroeconomic Challenges in the Euro Area and the Acceding Countries
Katja Drechsel
Dissertation, Online-Publikation,
2010
Abstract
deutscher Titel: Makroökonomische Herausforderungen für die Eurozone und die Beitrittskandidaten
Abstract: The conduct of effective economic policy faces a multiplicity of macroeconomic challenges, which requires a wide scope of theoretical and empirical analyses. With a focus on the European Union, this doctoral dissertation consists of two parts which make empirical and methodological contributions to the literature on forecasting real economic activity and on the analysis of business cycles in a boom-bust framework in the light of the EMU enlargement. In the first part, we tackle the problem of publication lags and analyse the role of the information flow in computing short-term forecasts up to one quarter ahead for the euro area GDP and its main components. A huge dataset of monthly indicators is used to estimate simple bridge equations. The individual forecasts are then pooled, using different weighting schemes. To take into consideration the release calendar of each indicator, six forecasts are compiled successively during the quarter. We find that the sequencing of information determines the weight allocated to each block of indicators, especially when the first month of hard data becomes available. This conclusion extends the findings of the recent literature. Moreover, when combining forecasts, two weighting schemes are found to outperform the equal weighting scheme in almost all cases. In the second part, we focus on the potential accession of the new EU Member States in Central and Eastern Europe to the euro area. In contrast to the discussion of Optimum Currency Areas, we follow a non-standard approach for the discussion on abandonment of national currencies the boom-bust theory. We analyse whether evidence for boom-bust cycles is given and draw conclusions whether these countries should join the EMU in the near future. Using a broad range of data sets and empirical methods we document credit market imperfections, comprising asymmetric financing opportunities across sectors, excess foreign currency liabilities and contract enforceability problems both at macro and micro level. Furthermore, we depart from the standard analysis of comovements of business cycles among countries and rather consider long-run and short-run comovements across sectors. While the results differ across countries, we find evidence for credit market imperfections in Central and Eastern Europe and different sectoral reactions to shocks. This gives favour for the assessment of the potential euro accession using this supplementary, non-standard approach.
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Lohnpolitische Koordinierung in der EU: Wie Gewerkschaften agieren
Toralf Pusch, Vera Glassner
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2010
Abstract
In den letzten Monaten hat sich die Diskussion über mehr wirtschaftspolitische Koordinierung in der EU und insbesondere in der Europäischen Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion intensiviert. Dabei wurde unter anderem die unterschiedliche
Entwicklung der preislichen Wettbewerbsfähigkeit thematisiert. In diesem Zusammenhang sind die seit einigen Jahren von den europäischen Branchengewerkschaftsverbänden forcierten Bemühungen
zur Koordinierung der Lohnverhandlungen von besonderem Interesse, da die daraus resultierenden Lohnpolitiken womöglich Folgen für den
weiteren Bedarf an wirtschaftspolitischer Abstimmung in der Europäischen Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion haben könnten. Am Beispiel des 1997
gegründeten Lohnverhandlungsnetzwerks der IG Metall in Nordrhein-Westfalen und der Metallgewerkschaften Belgiens sowie der Niederlande wird in diesem Beitrag die tatsächliche Effektivität der grenzüberschreitenden lohnpolitischen Koordinierung untersucht, sowohl hinsichtlich der Zielsetzungen der Gewerkschaften als auch der Wirtschaftspolitik der EU. Es zeigt sich, dass das gewerkschaftliche Ziel einer produktivitätsorientierten Lohnentwicklung seit der Einrichtung des Netzwerks tendenziell erreicht werden konnte. Für eine Orientierung an der jüngst in der „Europa 2020“- Strategie bekräftigten Lohnleitlinie der EU-Wirtschaftspolitik konnte hingegen keine Evidenz gefunden
werden.
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Cross-border Exposures and Financial Contagion
Hans Degryse, Muhammad Ather Elahi, Maria Fabiana Penas
International Review of Finance,
Vol. 10 (2),
2010
Abstract
Integrated financial markets provide opportunities for expansion and improved risk sharing, but also pose threats of contagion risk through cross-border exposures. This paper examines cross-border contagion risk over the period 1999–2006. To that purpose we use aggregate cross-border exposures of 17 countries as reported in the Bank for International Settlements Consolidated Banking Statistics. We find that a shock that affects the liabilities of one country may undermine the stability of the entire financial system. Particularly, a shock wiping out 25% (35%) of US (UK) cross-border liabilities against non-US (non-UK) banks could lead to bank contagion eroding at least 94% (45%) of the recipient countries' banking assets. We also find that since 2006 a shock to Eastern Europe, Turkey and Russia affects most countries. Our simulations also reveal that the ‘speed of propagation of contagion’ has increased in recent years resulting in a higher number of directly exposed banking systems. Finally, we find that contagion is more widespread in geographical proximities.
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A New Metric for Banking Integration in Europe
Reint E. Gropp, A. K. Kashyap
Europe and the Euro,
2010
Abstract
Most observers have concluded that while money markets and government bond markets are rapidly integrating following the introduction of the common currency in the euro area, there is little evidence that a similar integration process is taking place for retail banking. Data on cross-border retail bank flows, cross-border bank mergers and the law of one price reveal no evidence of integration in retail banking. This paper shows that the previous tests of bank integration are weak in that they are not based on an equilibrium concept and are neither necessary nor sufficient statistics for bank integration. The paper proposes a new test of integration based on convergence in banks' profitability. The new test emphasises the role of an active market for corporate control and of competition in banking integration. European listed banks profitability appears to converge to a common level. There is weak evidence that competition eliminates high profits for these banks, and underperforming banks tend to show improved profitability. Unlisted European banks differ markedly. Their profits show no tendency to revert to a common target rate of profitability. Overall, the banking market in Europe appears far from being integrated. In contrast, in the U.S. both listed and unlisted commercial banks profits converge to the same target, and high profit banks see their profits driven down quickly.
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Low Skill but High Volatility?
Claudia M. Buch
CESifo Working Paper No. 2665,
2009
Abstract
Globalization may impose a double-burden on low-skilled workers. On the one hand, the relative supply of low-skilled labor increases. This suppresses wages of low-skilled workers and/or increases their unemployment rates. On the other hand, low-skilled workers typically face more limited access to financial markets than high-skilled workers. This limits their ability to smooth shocks to income intertemporally and to share risks across borders. Using cross-country, industry-level data for the years 1970 - 2004, we document how the volatility of hours worked and of wages of workers at different skill levels has changed over time. We develop a stylized theoretical model that is consistent with the empirical evidence, and we test the predictions of the model. Our results show that greater financial globalization and development increases the volatility of employment, and this effect is strongest for low-skilled workers. A higher share of low-skilled employment has a dampening impact.
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Exchange Rates and FDI: Goods versus Capital Market Frictions
Claudia M. Buch, J. Kleinert
World Economy,
forthcoming
Abstract
Changes in exchange rates affect countries through their impact on cross-border activities such as trade and foreign direct investment (FDI). With increasing activities of multinational firms, the FDI channel is likely to gain in importance. Economic theory provides two main explanations why changes in exchange rates can affect FDI. According to the first explanation, FDI reacts to exchange rate changes if there are information frictions on capital markets and if investment depends on firms’ net worth (capital market friction hypothesis). According to the second explanation, FDI reacts to exchange rate changes if output and factor markets are segmented, and if firm-specific assets are important (goods market friction hypothesis). We provide a unified theoretical framework of these two explanations. We analyse the implications of the model empirically using a dataset based on detailed German firm-level data. We find greater support for the goods market than for the capital market friction hypothesis.
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Innovations as driving force of the knowledge society – concepts and contemporary theoretical approaches
Jutta Günther, Björn Jindra
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 9,
2007
Abstract
Hinsichtlich der Frage, was Europas Wettbewerbsfähigkeit in Zukunft sichert, wird unter dem Stichwort Wissensgesellschaft vor allem auf Standortvorteile für Forschung und Entwicklung (FuE), Innovation und Wissen verwiesen. Diese Sichtweise vertreten nicht nur Entscheidungsträger der hochleistungsfähigen Industrieländer, sondern auch der sogenannten nachholenden Ökonomien in Mittel- und Osteuropa sowie in Asien. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschäftigt sich vor dem Hintergrund aktueller innovationstheoretischer Ansätze mit der Frage, was den abstrakten Begriff der Wissensgesellschaft ausmacht, welche Akteure eine Rolle spielen und warum FuE und Innovation geographisch unterschiedlich verteilt sind. Es werden systemische Theorieansätze skizziert, welche die Verbindungen zwischen unterschiedlichen wissensgenerierenden Akteuren, insbesondere zwischen Wissenschaft und Wirtschaft in den Vordergrund stellen. Zur Erklärung der geographischen Verteilung von FuE und Innovation verweist der Beitrag auf die regionalökonomische Theorie, welche begründet, warum diese Prozesse durch räumliche Konzentration gekennzeichnet sind. Dabei konkurrieren Hypothesen, die die räumliche Konzentration entweder mit sektoraler Spezialisierung oder Diversifizierung verbinden. Der Artikel zeigt, daß multinationale Unternehmen FuE im privaten Sektor dominieren und regionale Zentren der Innovation über Ländergrenzen hinweg verbinden. Basierend auf der Theorie der technologischen Akkumulation und Internationalisierung von Unternehmen wird die Globalisierung von FuE- und Innovationsprozessen erklärt. Dabei ist festzustellen, daß sich eine Hierarchie regionaler Innovationssysteme herausbildet, in der die Disparitäten sowohl innerhalb von Ländern als auch international zunehmen.
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The Euro and Cross-Border Banking: Evidence from Bilateral Data
S. Blank, Claudia M. Buch
Comparative Economic Studies,
Vol. 49 (3),
2007
Abstract
Has the introduction of the Euro fostered financial integration in Europe? We answer this question using a data set of banks’ bilateral foreign assets and liabilities provided by the Bank for International Settlements. The data cover the pre-Euro period (1995–1998) and the post-Euro period (1999–2005). We use information from 10 OECD reporting countries and all OECD recipient countries. Gravity regressions show a positive and significant impact of the Euro on bilateral financial linkages. This effect is stronger and more robust for banks’ foreign assets than for their foreign liabilities.
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