Road to Net Zero: Carbon Policy and Redistributional Dynamics in the Green Transition
Alessandro Sardone
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 16,
2025
Abstract
This paper examines the macroeconomic and distributional effects of the European Union’s transition to Net Zero emissions through a gradually increasing carbon tax. I develop a New Keynesian Environmental DSGE model with two household types and distinct energy and non-energy sectors. Five alternative uses of carbon tax revenues are considered: equal transfers to households, targeted transfers to Hand-to-Mouth households, subsidies to green energy firms, and reductions in labor and capital income taxes. In the absence of technological progress, the carbon tax policy induces a persistent increase in energy prices and a reduction in GDP, investment, and consumption. Headline inflation falls below zero in the medium run, reflecting weaker aggregate demand. Distributional outcomes vary significantly depending on the implemented revenue recycling scheme: targeted transfers are the most progressive but entail larger macroeconomic costs, while subsidies and tax cuts mitigate output and investment losses but are less effective in narrowing the consumption gap. A limited foresight scenario, in which agents learn about policy targets sequentially, generates more volatile adjustment paths and temporary inflationary spikes around announcements, but long-run outcomes remain close to the baseline.
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25.09.2025 • 28/2025
Joint Economic Forecast Autumn 2025: Fiscal stimulus masks structural weakness
The German economy is emerging from the trough and is likely to regain some momentum over the next two years. Following stagnation in the first half of the year, the Joint Economic Forecast project group predicts gross domestic product growth of 0.2% for the current year in its fall report. In the next two years, an expansionary fiscal policy is likely to accelerate economic growth noticeably to 1.3% and 1.4%, respectively. This means that the institutes' forecast for this year and next remains roughly unchanged from the spring report. “The German economy is still on shaky ground,” says Dr Geraldine Dany-Knedlik, head of the Forecasting and Economic Policy Division at the German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin). “It will recover noticeably in the next two years. However, given ongoing structural weaknesses, this momentum will not last.”
Oliver Holtemöller
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Halle Institute for Economic Research
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Die (neue) Rolle der Wissenschaft für den Strukturwandel in der brandenburgischen Lausitz
Wolfram Berger, Gunther Markwardt, Julia Rettig, Jan Schnellenbach, Mirko Titze, Stefan Zundel
Begleitforschung Strukturwandel (BeForSt), Policy Brief IV. BTU Cottbus/IWH,
2025
Abstract
Bis 2038 werden im Rahmen des Strukturwandels in der brandenburgischen Lausitz ca. 6 Milliarden Euro für Wissenschaft ausgegeben. Räumlich konzentrieren sich die Ausgaben auf Cottbus/Chóśebuz. In ausgewählten Themenfeldern wie beispielsweise der Gesundheitssystemforschung oder dem Thema Energie bilden sich neue große Forschungseinrichtungen, die kritische Massen darstellen können. Eine große Herausforderung ist die Verzahnung von Projekten, die über verschiedene Förderlinien gefördert werden.
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Die (neue) Rolle der Wissenschaft für den Strukturwandel in der brandenburgischen Lausitz
Wolfram Berger, Gunther Markwardt, Julia Rettig, Jan Schnellenbach, Mirko Titze, Stefan Zundel
Begleitforschung Strukturwandel (BeForSt), Statusbericht IV. BTU Cottbus/IWH,
2025
Abstract
Rund 6 Milliarden Euro der Mittel für den Strukturwandel in der Lausitz werden bis 2038 in den Bereich Wissenschaft investiert. Wenngleich das Investitionsgesetz Kohlegebiete (InvKG) einen eindeutigen Schwerpunkt im Bereich Wissenschaft setzt und dies nicht nur in der Lausitz ist Wissenschaft im Kontext des Strukturwandels der Lausitz kein Selbstzweck, sondern Mittel zum Zweck, nämlich der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung der Region. Es gibt gute Gründe für die Annahme, dass die Entwicklung in der Lausitz einen positiveren Verlauf nehmen könnte als in anderen Regionen der EU. Allerdings, das gewünschte Ergebnis wird sich nicht von allein einstellen, sobald den Akteuren die finanziellen Mittel zur Verfügung gestellt werden.
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