Im Herbst 2012 stellen sich Lage und Aussichten für die deutsche Konjunktur deutlich schlechter dar als vor einem halben Jahr. Hauptgrund dafür sind die immer neuen Schübe der Schulden- und Vertrauenskrise im Euroraum. Auch die Weltkonjunktur hat generell an Kraft verloren.

Die Produktion hat in Deutschland in der ersten Jahreshälfte weiter zugelegt. Auch im dritten Quartal 2012 dürfte sie zunehmen, und zwar um 0,4%. Für das Winterhalbjahr 2012/ 2013 deutet sich dann allerdings eine Verlangsamung des konjunkturellen Fahrtempos an.

Alles in allem wird das reale Bruttoinlandsprodukt 2012 voraussichtlich um 0,9% und 2013 um 0,8% zulegen. Das 66%-Prognoseintervall liegt für das Jahr 2012 zwischen 0,7% und 1,1%; im Jahr 2013 reicht es von –0,2% bis 1,8%.

European authorities and scholars published proposals on which indicators of macroeconomic imbalances might be used to uncover risks for the sustainability of public debt in the European Union. We test the ability of four proposed sets of indicators to send early-warnings of debt crises using a signals approach for the study of indicators and the construction of composite indicators. We find that a broad composite indicator has the highest predictive power. This fact still holds true if equal weights are used for the construction of the composite indicator in order to reflect the uncertainty about the origin of future crises.

We test the hypothesis of an endogenous currency area for the labor market of the Euro area: has the introduction of a common currency caused wage dynamics to become more synchronized and to be able to cushion for asymmetric shocks? Trade intensity, sector specialization and financial integration are tested for being the driving forces for the endogenous synchronization of wage dynamics. We use regression techniques with instrument variables, and find evidence of persistent asymmetries in nominal wage formation, despite a single currency and monetary policy. We explain the result with more specialization following financial integration, and with still existing differences in wage formation and labor market institutions. We conclude that the euro zone is not endogenous with respect to wage formation. Rather, there are incentives for beggar-thy-neighbor policies in the Euro area.

I study the impact of banking and sovereign debt crisis risk of EMU member states on the external value of the euro. Using a regime switching model, I find that the external value of the euro has significantly responded to financial crisis risk during the period of November 2008–November 2011, while no significant effect is found for the period from February 2006 to October 2008. This suggests that the monetary expansion and interest rate cuts associated with the ECB's “non-standard” measures may have reduced the external value of the euro.

We use a structural econometric model to provide empirical evidence that safety nets in the banking industry lead to additional risk taking. To identify the moral hazard effect of bailout expectations on bank risk, we exploit the fact that regional political factors explain bank bailouts but not bank risk. The sample includes all observed capital preservation measures and distressed exits in the German banking industry during 1995–2006. A change of bailout expectations by two standard deviations increases the probability of official distress from 6.6% to 9.4%, which is economically significant.

Eine starke Verbundenheit von Wirtschaftszweigen wirkt positiv auf das regionale Beschäftigungswachstum – allerdings nur dann, wenn zugleich Führungskräfte in der Region überdurchschnittlich präsent sind. Fehlt das Zusammenspiel von Verbundenheit und Führungsfunktionen – etwa bei einem Mangel an Unternehmens-Headquartern in der Region –, wirkt dies negativ auf das Beschäftigungswachstum.

While the long-run relation between money and inflation as predicted by the quantity theory is well established, empirical studies of the short-run adjustment process have been inconclusive at best. The literature regarding the validity of the quantity theory within a given economy is mixed. Previous research has found support for quantity theory within a given economy by combining the P-Star, the structural VAR and the monetary aggregation literature. However, these models lack precise modelling of the short-run dynamics by ignoring interest rates as the main policy instrument. Contrarily, most New Keynesian approaches, while excellently modeling the short-run dynamics transmitted through interest rates, ignore the role of money and thus the potential mid-and long-run effects of monetary policy. We propose a parsimonious and fairly unrestrictive econometric model that allows a detailed look into the dynamics of a monetary policy shock by accounting for changes in economic equilibria, such as potential output and money demand, in a framework that allows for both monetarist and New Keynesian transmission mechanisms, while also considering the Barnett critique. While we confirm most New Keynesian findings concerning the short-run dynamics, we also find strong evidence for a substantial role of the quantity of money for price movements.

Die Reallöhne in Deutschland sind viele Jahre in Folge gesunken bzw. stagnierten. Dies wird häufig als Grund sowohl für die günstige Wettbewerbsposition im Exportbereich als auch für die Konsumzurückhaltung der privaten Haushalte angeführt. Der Beitrag beschreibt die Lohnentwicklung in Deutschland in den vergangenen Jahren. Dabei wird deutlich, dass sich in den letzten Jahren Niedrig- und Hochlohnbranchen herausgebildet haben. Diese Lohnspreizung wurde letztlich durch Marktmechanismen hervorgerufen. So erhöhten sich die Reallöhne in Branchen mit guter Nachfrage stärker als in Branchen in einem schwierigen Marktumfeld. Die Durchsetzbarkeit von höheren Preisen für die angebotenen Güter dürfte ebenso wie Knappheiten auf sektoralen Arbeitsmärkten bei der Lohnfindung eine Rolle spielen.

In 2012 and 2013 we expect world production to grow modestly, since external conditions have deteriorated as growth dynamics appear to be declining in important emerging economies. However, the euro area crisis remains the central

risk factor for the world economy. Euro area GDP is expected to decline 0.2 percent in 2012 when compared to 2011; for 2013 we expect fiscal policy to be a bit less restrictive and private investment to increase, with GDP expanding by 0.9%. The unemployment rate will remain well above 11%.

In the first months of 2012 there were some mild signs of improvement in the world economy, to a large degree due to political measures taken in the euro area at the end of 2011. In particular, the ECB secured financing of banks by offering liquidity for as longs as three years and by easing standards for collateral. However, the southern countries of the euro area will stay in recession for most of the year 2012: planned fiscal consolidation in Spain and Italy has a magnitude of about 3% relative to GDP, in Portugal and Greece the restriction is even larger. The structural reforms need time to take beneficial effects, and the real sector is largely out of reach of the expansive monetary policy.