Governments purchase everything from airplanes to zucchini. This paper investigates whether the technological intensity of government demand affects corporate R&D activities. In a quality-ladder model of endogenous growth, we show that an increase in the share of government purchases in high-tech industries increases the rewards for innovation, and stimulates private-sector R&D at the aggregate level. We test this prediction using administrative data on federal procurement performed in US states. Both panel fixed effects and instrumental variable estimations provide results in line with the model. Our findings bring public procurement within the realm of the innovation policy debate.

I study the impact of banking and sovereign debt crisis risk of EMU member states on the external value of the euro. Using a regime switching model, I find that the external value of the euro has significantly responded to financial crisis risk during the period of November 2008–November 2011, while no significant effect is found for the period from February 2006 to October 2008. This suggests that the monetary expansion and interest rate cuts associated with the ECB's “non-standard” measures may have reduced the external value of the euro.

Eine starke Verbundenheit von Wirtschaftszweigen wirkt positiv auf das regionale Beschäftigungswachstum – allerdings nur dann, wenn zugleich Führungskräfte in der Region überdurchschnittlich präsent sind. Fehlt das Zusammenspiel von Verbundenheit und Führungsfunktionen – etwa bei einem Mangel an Unternehmens-Headquartern in der Region –, wirkt dies negativ auf das Beschäftigungswachstum.

Fiscal spending multiplier calculations have attracted considerable attention in the aftermath of the global financial crisis. Much of the current literature is based on VAR estimation methods and DSGE models. In line with the Keynesian literature we argue that many of these models probably underestimate the fiscal spending multiplier in recessions. The income-expenditure model of the fiscal spending multiplier can be seen as a good approximation under these circumstances. In its conventional form this model suffers from an underestimation of the multiplier due to an overestimation of the import intake of domestic absorption. In this article we apply input-output calculus to solve this problem. Multipliers thus derived are comparably high, ranging between 1.4 and 1.8 for many member states of the European Union. GDP drops due to budget consolidation might therefore be substantial in times of crisis.

Using a new dataset on capital market regulation, we analyze whether capital controls helped protect emerging markets from the real economic consequences of the 2009 financial and economic crisis. The impact of the crisis is measured by the 2009 forecast error of a panel state space model, which analyzes the business cycle dynamics of 63 middle-income countries. We find that neither capital controls in general nor controls that were specifically targeted to derivatives (that played a crucial role during the crisis) helped shield economies. However, banking regulation that limits the exposure of banks to global risks has been highly successful.

In most countries, national statistical agencies do not release establishment-level business microdata, because doing so represents too large a risk to establishments’ confidentiality. One approach with the potential for overcoming these risks is to release synthetic data; that is, the released establishment data are simulated from statistical models designed to mimic the distributions of the underlying real microdata. In this article, we describe an application of this strategy to create a public use file for the Longitudinal Business Database, an annual economic census of establishments in the United States comprising more than 20 million records dating back to 1976. The U.S. Bureau of the Census and the Internal Revenue Service recently approved the release of these synthetic microdata for public use, making the synthetic Longitudinal Business Database the first-ever business microdata set publicly released in the United States. We describe how we created the synthetic data, evaluated analytical validity, and assessed disclosure risk.

This paper examines which emerging market regions form optimum currency areas (OCAs) by assessing the symmetry of macroeconomic shocks. We extend the output-prices-VAR framework by adding net exports and the real effective exchange rate as endogenous variables. Based on theoretical considerations, we derive which shocks affect these variables in the long run: shocks to labor productivity, foreign trade, labor supply, and money supply. The considered economies of Central and Eastern Europe, the Commonwealth of Independent States, East and Southeast Asia, and South Asia, exhibit large enough shock symmetry to form a currency union; the economies of Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East do not.

This paper addresses the question of whether government procurement can work as a de facto innovation policy tool. We develop an endogenous growth model with quality-improving in-novation that incorporates industries with heterogeneous innovation sizes. Government demand in high-tech industries increases the market size in these industries and, with it, the incentives for private firms to invest in R&D. At the economy-wide level, the additional R&D induced in high-tech industries outweighs the R&D foregone in all remaining industries. The implications of the model are empirically tested using a unique data set that includes federal procurement in U.S. states. We find evidence that a shift in the composition of government purchases toward high-tech industries indeed stimulates privately funded company R&D.

Conventional Phillips-curve models that are used to estimate the output gap detect a substantial decline in potential output due to the present crisis. Using a multivariate state space model, we show that this result does not hold if the long run role of excess liquidity (that we estimate endogeneously) for inflation is taken into account.

Die Staaten Mittel- und Osteuropas haben nach der Transformation umlagefinanzierte Rentenversicherungen nach westeuropäischem Vorbild errichtet. Zunehmende Finanzierungsprobleme aufgrund hoher Arbeitslosigkeit

und der sich abzeichnende demographische Wandel erzeugten das Bewusstsein eines Reformbedarfes, der in den meisten dieser Länder zur Einführung einer obligatorischen Privatvorsorge nach dem Kapitaldeckungsverfahren führte. Allerdings erwies sich dieser Weg als kostspielig, da neben dem Aufbau von Kapitalbeständen (in den neuen privaten Pensionsfonds) weiterhin die aktuellen Renten gezahlt werden müssen. Die Finanzkrise offenbarte die Krisenanfälligkeit kapitalgedeckter Systeme. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden derzeit insbesondere in

Polen und Ungarn die Reformen teilweise wieder zurückgenommen. In der Tschechischen Republik, deren Alterssicherung von der Finanzkrise verschont wurde, soll dagegen die Privatvorsorge stärker gefördert werden. Angesichts der Erfahrungen sollte jedoch der Aufbau kapitalgedeckter Vorsorgesysteme sehr behutsam erfolgen. Eine Schwächung der umlagefinanzierten Rentenversicherung ist nicht zu empfehlen.