This paper explores the impact of industrial clusters on regional growth at the German labour market region level using a regional convergence model. Based on the results of an exploratory study of the geography of German industrial clusters, we are able to differentiate the impact of industrial clustering from a horizontal and a vertical perspective while taking regional convergence into consideration. The results indicate that in addition to an all-German process of convergence, a specific East German one can be identified. The different types of industrial clusters show mixed effects within this framework. While vertically isolated industrial clusters have a negative impact on regional growth in this period, positive growth effects can be identified when industrial clusters show an intra-regional vertical interconnectedness.

If regional development agencies assume the cluster concept to be an adequate framework to promote regional growth and competitiveness, it is necessary to identify industrial clusters in a comprehensive manner. Previous studies used a diversity of methods to identify the predominant concentrations of economic activity in one industrial sector in a region. This paper is based on a multidimensional approach developed by Titze et al. With the help of the combination of concentration measures and input–output methods they were able to identify horizontal and vertical dimensions of industrial clusters. This paper aims to refine this approach by using a superior measure of spatial concentration and by integrating information about spatial interdependence of industrial cluster structures to contribute to a more adequate framework for industrial cluster identification.

Folgt man der Überlegung, dass das Clusterkonzept für die regionale Wirtschaftspolitik Ansatzpunkte bildet, um Wirtschaftswachstum sowie Wettbewerbsfähigkeit von Regionen zu fördern, so setzt dies voraus, industrielle Cluster umfassend zu identifizieren. Bisherige Untersuchungen bedienen sich dazu einer methodischen Vielfalt, ausgehend von spezifischen regionalen Fallstudien über Input-Output-Methoden hin zu verschiedenen Konzentrationsmaßen. Der vorliegende Beitrag verwendet ein für die empirische Clusterforschung neues Instrument – die Qualitative Input-Output-Analyse. Ihr wohnt nach Ansicht der Autoren die Möglichkeit inne, in Verbindung mit Konzentrationsmaßen einen Beitrag zur flächendeckenden Identifikation industrieller Cluster zu liefern. Insbesondere erlaubt die vorgestellte Methodik die Zusammenführung des Tatbestandes einer kritischen Masse von Unternehmen mit dem Merkmal der Interaktion dieser über Input-Output-Beziehungen auch auf größeren regionalen Untersuchungsebenen. Wendet man die Methodik auf die deutschen Arbeitsmarktregionen an, so wird ersichtlich, dass 103 von 270 Arbeitsmarktregionen über Ansätze horizontaler Cluster verfügen, weitere 28 Regionen beherbergen vertikale industrielle Cluster. 139 Arbeitsmarktregionen weisen gemäß dem gewählten Untersuchungsdesign weder horizontale noch vertikale Cluster auf.

Zu den wichtigsten Instrumenten der Regionalpolitik gehört der Investitionszuschuss im Rahmen der Gemeinschaftsaufgabe “Verbesserung der regionalen Wirtschaftsstruktur“. Dieses Instrument kommt in strukturschwachen Regionen zum Einsatz, deren vorrangiges Ziel der Abbau der Arbeitslosigkeit ist. Der institutionelle Rahmen sieht vor, die Zuschüsse an die Schaffung bzw. Sicherung zusätzlicher Dauerarbeitsplätze zu binden. Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt, dass diese Bindungspflicht unter bestimmten Umständen ineffiziente Produktionsstrukturen provozieren kann. Die Ursachen hierfür liegen in Marktmängeln sowie im Politikversagen. Für eine Landesregierung besteht der Anreiz, eine möglichst große Zahl zusätzlicher Dauerarbeitsplätze zu fordern, da die Landeseinnahmen durch die Beschäftigungs- und Produktionseffekte die Ausgaben der Förderung in relativ kurzer Zeit ausgleichen können. Dazu trägt auch der deutsche Länderfinanzausgleich bei, da die Ausgaben für die Förderung durch Ausgleichszahlungen der anderen Länder kompensiert werden können.

Many wonder whether teacher gender plays an important role in higher education by influencing student achievement and subject interest. The data used in this paper help identify average effects from male and female college students assigned to male or female teachers. We find instructor gender plays only a minor role in determining college student achievement. Nevertheless, the small effects provide evidence that gender role models matter to some college students. A same-sex instructor increases average grade performance by at most 5 percent of its standard deviation and decreases the likelihood of dropping a class by 1.2 percentage points.

Even though state aid in order to rescue or restructure ailing companies is regularly granted by European governments, it is often controversially discussed. The aims for rescuing companies are manifold and vary from social, industrial and even political considerations. Well-known examples are Austrian Airlines (Austria) or MG Rover (Great Britain). Yet, this study aims to answer the question whether state aid is used effectively and whether the initial aim why aid has been paid has been reached, i.e. the survival of the company. By using data on rescued companies in the EU and applying a survival analysis, this paper investigates the survival rates of these companies up to 15 years after the aid has been paid. In addition, the results are compared to the survival rates of non-rescued companies which have also been in difficulties. The results suggest that despite the financial support, business failure is often only post-poned; best survival rates have firms with long-term restructuring, enterprises in Eastern Europe, smaller firms and mature companies. However, non-funded companies have an even higher ratio to go bankrupt.

The paper presents estimates for the impact of related variety, unrelated variety and the functions a region performs in the production process on regional employment growth in Germany. We argue that regions benefit from the existence of related activities that facilitate economic development. Thereby the sole reliance of the related and unrelated variety concept on standard industrial classifications (SIC) remains debatable. We offer estimations for establishing that conceptual progress can be made when the focus of analysis goes beyond solely considering industries. We develop an industry-function based approach of related and unrelated variety and test our hypothesis by the help of spatial panel approach. Our findings suggest that related variety as same as unrelated variety facilitate regional employment growth in Germany. However, the drivers behind these effects do differ. While the positive effect of related variety is driven by high degrees of relatedness in the regional “R&D” and “White-Collar”-functions, the effects of unrelated variety are spurred by “Blue Collar”-functions in this period.

We study the effects of place-based policies on aggregate productivity using administrative data on projects co-financed by the EU in Italy linked to balance sheet data. We exploit quasi-experimental variation in funding for a large place-based policy stemming from measurement error in regional GDP estimates. Results show that the policy likely decreases productivity. Decompositions reveal that aggregate declines are driven by reallocation of labor to low-productivity firms. Mechanism analysis using firm-level event studies reveals that negative reallocation effects are caused by high-productivity firms taking up the funds and subsequently becoming more liquidity constrained, leading to slowdowns in employment growth.