Immigration and Entrepreneurship in the United States
Pierre Azoulay, Benjamin Jones, J. Daniel Kim, Javier Miranda
Abstract
Immigration can expand labour supply and create greater competition for native-born workers. But immigrants may also start new firms, expanding labour demand. This paper uses U.S. administrative data and other data resources to study the role of immigrants in entrepreneurship. We ask how often immigrants start companies, how many jobs these firms create, and how these firms compare with those founded by U.S.-born individuals. A simple model provides a measurement framework for addressing the dual roles of immigrants as founders and workers. The findings suggest that immigrants act more as "job creators" than "job takers" and that non-U.S. born founders play outsized roles in U.S. high-growth entrepreneurship.
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01.07.2020 • 11/2020
IWH untersucht Folgen des Kohleausstiegs in Europa
Wie verändert der Kohleausstieg die Gesellschaft – und wie kann Politik darauf reagieren? Diese Fragen untersuchen
14 europäische Partner in einem neuen interdisziplinären Forschungsprojekt. Dabei wird das Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung Halle (IWH) ökonomische Folgen wie Arbeitslosigkeit und Abwanderung für ausgewählte Kohleregionen Europas analysieren. Die EU fördert das Gesamtprojekt für drei Jahre mit knapp drei Millionen Euro.
Oliver Holtemöller
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The Dilemma of International Diversification: Evidence from the European Sovereign Debt Crisis
Bill Francis, Iftekhar Hasan, Gergana L. Kostova, Sami Ben Naceur
Asia-Pacific Journal of Financial Studies,
Nr. 2,
2020
Abstract
This paper tests how capital markets value the international diversification of banks in good and in bad economic times by investigating changes in domestic and foreign sovereign debt ratings before and during the European sovereign debt crisis. Tracing 320 European banks in 29 countries and 226 credit rating announcements for European sovereigns between 1 January 2001 and 15 August 2012, we show that the market values banks with access to foreign funds. Despite occasional adverse effects immediately following negative news regarding sovereign credit rating changes, international diversification was found to be beneficial to European banks, especially during periods of distress.
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Corporate Misconduct and the Cost of Private Debt: Evidence from China
Xian Gu, Iftekhar Hasan, Haitian Lu
Comparative Economic Studies,
Nr. 3,
2019
Abstract
Using a comprehensive dataset of corporate lawsuits in China, we investigate the implications of corporate misconduct on the cost of private debt. Evidence reveals that firms involved in litigations obtain subsequent loans with stricter pricing terms, 15.1 percent higher loan spreads, than non-litigated borrowers. Strong political connection and repeated relationship help to flatten the sensitivity of loan pricing to litigation. Nonbank financial institutions react in stronger manner to corporate misconduct than traditional banks in pricing loans. Overall, we show that private debt holders care about borrowers’ wrongdoing in the past.
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29.03.2018 • 6/2018
Ostdeutsche Flächenländer können mit westdeutschem Wirtschaftswachstum nicht mithalten
Deutschlands Wirtschaft ist im Jahr 2017 um stolze 2,2% gewachsen. Bei näherem Hinsehen offenbart sich aber schnell: Die Wachstumszahlen von Bundesländern wie Bayern (+2,8%), Bremen (+3,3%) und Niedersachsen (+2,5%) verheißen deutlich mehr als die der ostdeutschen Flächenländer, beispielsweise die Sachsens (+1,4%) und vor allem Sachsen-Anhalts (0,8%), wie die heute vorgelegten BIP-Wachstumszahlen des Arbeitskreises Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnungen der Länder (VGRdL) für 2017 zeigen. Damit geht die Schere zwischen Ost- und Westdeutschland nicht weiter zu. „Der Aufholprozess stagniert; die ostdeutschen Länder sollten ihre Wirtschaftspolitik mehr auf die bessere Qualifizierung der Erwerbstätigen und Innovationen ausrichten“, so Oliver Holtemöller, Vizepräsident des Leibniz-Instituts für Wirtschaftsforschung Halle (IWH) und Leiter der Abteilung Makroökonomik.
Oliver Holtemöller
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Differences Make a Difference: Diversity in Social Learning and Value Creation
Yiwei Fang, Bill Francis, Iftekhar Hasan
Journal of Corporate Finance,
2018
Abstract
Prior research has demonstrated that CEOs learn privileged information from their social connections. Going beyond the importance of the number of social ties in a CEO's social network, this paper studies the value generated from a diverse social environment. We construct an index of social-network heterogeneity (SNH) that captures the extent to which CEOs are connected to people of different demographic attributes and skill sets. We find that higher CEO SNH leads to greater firm value through the channels of better corporate innovation and diversified M&As. Overall, the evidence suggests that CEOs' exposure to human diversity enhances social learning and creates greater growth opportunities for firms.
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Is Subsidizing Companies in Difficulties an Optimal Policy? An Empirical Study on the Effectiveness of State Aid in the European Union
Nicole Nulsch
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 9,
2014
Abstract
Even though state aid in order to rescue or restructure ailing companies is regularly granted by European governments, it is often controversially discussed. The aims for rescuing companies are manifold and vary from social, industrial and even political considerations. Well-known examples are Austrian Airlines (Austria) or MG Rover (Great Britain). Yet, this study aims to answer the question whether state aid is used effectively and whether the initial aim why aid has been paid has been reached, i.e. the survival of the company. By using data on rescued companies in the EU and applying a survival analysis, this paper investigates the survival rates of these companies up to 15 years after the aid has been paid. In addition, the results are compared to the survival rates of non-rescued companies which have also been in difficulties. The results suggest that despite the financial support, business failure is often only post-poned; best survival rates have firms with long-term restructuring, enterprises in Eastern Europe, smaller firms and mature companies. However, non-funded companies have an even higher ratio to go bankrupt.
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Establishment Exits in Germany: The Role of Size and Age
Daniel Fackler, Claus Schnabel, J. Wagner
Small Business Economics,
Nr. 3,
2013
Abstract
Using comprehensive data for West Germany, this paper investigates the determinants of establishment exit. We find that between 1975 and 2006 the average exit rate has risen considerably. In order to test various “liabilities” of establishment survival identified in the literature, we analyzed the impact of establishment size and put a special focus on differences between young and mature establishments. Our empirical analysis shows that the mortality risk falls with establishment size, which confirms the liability of smallness. The probability of exit is substantially higher for young establishments which are not more than 5 years old, thus confirming the liability of newness. There also exists a liability of aging since exit rates first decline over time, reaching a minimum at ages 15–18, and then rise again somewhat. The determinants of exit differ substantially between young and mature establishments, suggesting that young establishments are more vulnerable in a number of ways.
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IWH-Industrieumfrage zum Jahresauftakt 2013: Nach schwachem Jahresabschluss verhaltener Optimismus
Cornelia Lang
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
Nr. 1,
2013
Abstract
Im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe Ostdeutschlands liefen die Geschäfte im Jahr 2012 schleppender als im Jahr davor. Die vom IWH regelmäßig befragten Unternehmen signalisierten in den ersten Monaten noch eine Geschäfts-täigkeit auf hohem Niveau, zum Ende des Jahres 2012 befand sich die ostdeutsche Industrie jedoch auf Talfahrt. Die Meldungen der Unternehmen zur Ertragslage lassen erkennen, dass 2012 dennoch ein gutes, wenn auch kein überragendes Jahr war. Knapp drei Viertel der Befragten erwirtschafteten Gewinne, und nur jedes zehnte Industrieunternehmen war in der Verlustzone. Wie schon im Jahr zuvor konnten sich die Unternehmen auch 2012 im Durchschnitt über positive Entwicklungen beim Umsatz freuen. 44% erzielten mehr Umsatz als 2011, 15% genauso viel und 41% weniger.
Für das Jahr 2013 gehen die Unternehmen von einer etwas dynamischeren Umsatzentwicklung aus. Die Be-schäftigungspläne der Unternehmen sind per saldo im Plus. 27% der Befragten wollen im Jahr 2013 Personal einstellen und 60% ihren Personalbestand halten.
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Quality of Service, Efficiency, and Scale in Network Industries: An Analysis of European Electricity Distribution
Christian Growitsch, Tooraj Jamasb, Michael Pollitt
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 3,
2005
Abstract
Quality of service is of major economic significance in natural monopoly infrastructure industries and is increasingly addressed in regulatory schemes. However, this important aspect is generally not reflected in efficiency analysis of these industries. In this paper we present an efficiency analysis of electricity distribution networks using a sample of about 500 electricity distribution utilities from seven European countries. We apply the stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) method on multi-output translog input distance function models to estimate cost and scale efficiency with and without incorporating quality of service. We show that introducing the quality dimension into the analysis affects estimated efficiency significantly. In contrast to previous research, smaller utilities seem to indicate lower technical efficiency when incorporating quality. We also show that incorporating quality of service does not alter scale economy measures. Our results emphasise that quality of service should be an integrated part of efficiency analysis and incentive regulation regimes, as well as in the economic review of market concentration in regulated natural monopolies.
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