National Culture and Risk-taking: Evidence from the Insurance Industry
Chrysovalantis Gaganis, Iftekhar Hasan, Panagiota Papadimitri, Menelaos Tasiou
Journal of Business Research,
April
2019
Abstract
The gravity of insurance within the financial sector is constantly increasing. Reasonably, after the events of the recent financial turmoil, the domain of research that examines the factors driving the risk-taking of this industry has been signified. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the interplay between national culture and risk of insurance firms. We quantify the cultural overtones, measuring national culture considering the dimensions outlined by the Hofstede model and risk-taking using the ‘Z-score’. In a sample consisting of 801 life and non-life insurance firms operating across 42 countries over the period 2007–2016, we find a strong and significant relationship among insurance firms' risk-taking and cultural characteristics, such as individualism, uncertainty avoidance and power distance. Results remain robust to a variety of firm and country-specific controls, alternative measures of risk, sample specifications and tests designed to alleviate endogeneity.
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Central Bank Transparency and Cross-border Banking
Stefan Eichler, Helge Littke, Lena Tonzer
Journal of International Money and Finance,
2017
Abstract
We analyze the effect of central bank transparency on cross-border bank activities. Based on a panel gravity model for cross-border bank claims for 21 home and 47 destination countries from 1998 to 2010, we find strong empirical evidence that a rise in central bank transparency in the destination country, on average, increases cross-border claims. Using interaction models, we find that the positive effect of central bank transparency on cross-border claims is only significant if the central bank is politically independent and operates in a stable economic environment. Central bank transparency and credibility are thus considered complements by banks investing abroad.
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Is the 'Central German Metropolitan Region' Spatially Integrated? An Empirical Assessment of Commuting Relations
Albrecht Kauffmann
Urban Studies,
Nr. 9,
2016
Abstract
The 'Central German Metropolitan Region' is a network of cities and their surroundings, located in the three East-German states of Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia. It was founded to bring the bundled strengths of these cities into an inter-municipal cooperation, for making use of the possible advantages of a polycentric region. As theory claims, a precondition for gains from polycentricity is spatial integration of the region. In particular, markets for high skilled labour should be integrated. To assess how this precondition is fulfilled in Central Germany, in the framework of a doubly constrained gravity model the commuting relations between the functional regions of the (until 2013) 11 core cities of the network are analysed. In particular for higher educated employees, the results display that commuting relations are determined not only by distance, but also by the state borders that cross the area.
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Central Bank Transparency and Cross-border Banking
Stefan Eichler, Helge Littke, Lena Tonzer
Abstract
We analyze the effect of central bank transparency on cross-border bank activities. Based on a panel gravity model for cross-border bank claims for 21 home and 47 destination countries from 1998 to 2010, we find strong empirical evidence that a rise in central bank transparency in the destination country, on average, increases cross-border claims. Using interaction models, we find that the positive effect of central bank transparency on cross-border claims is only significant if the central bank is politically independent. Central bank transparency and credibility are thus considered complements by banks investing abroad.
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Margins of international banking: Is there a productivity pecking order in banking, too?
Claudia M. Buch
Bundesbank Discussion Paper 12/2009,
2009
Abstract
Modern trade theory emphasizes firm-level productivity differentials to explain
the cross-border activities of non-financial firms. This study tests whether a
productivity pecking order also determines international banking activities. Using
a novel dataset that contains all German banks’ international activities, we
estimate the ordered probability of a presence abroad (extensive margin) and the
volume of international assets (intensive margin). Methodologically, we enrich the
conventional Heckman selection model to account for the self-selection of banks
into different modes of foreign activities using an ordered probit. Four main
findings emerge. First, similar to results for non-financial firms, a productivity
pecking order drives bank internationalization. Second, only a few non-financial
firms engage in international trade, but many banks hold international assets, and
only a few large banks engage in foreign direct investment. Third, in addition to
productivity, risk factors matter for international banking. Fourth, gravity-type
variables have an important impact on international banking activities.
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Analysis of location of large-area shopping centres - A probalistic gravity model for the Halle-Leipzig area
Alexander Kubis, Maria Hartmann
Jahrbuch für Regionalwissenschaft,
Nr. 1,
2007
Abstract
Eine fundierte Analyse großflächiger Einkaufszentren aus der Sicht des Einzelhandels aber auch der Kommunen ist unter dem Blickwinkel der Standortwahl von großer Wichtigkeit. Im mitteldeutschen Raum stellt die Region Halle–Leipzig ein besonderes Beispiel starker Wettbewerbsbeziehungen der verschiedenen Aktionspartner dar. Grundlegend für die in diesem Artikel dargestellte Auswertung ist das MCIModell von Nakanishi und Cooper. Auf seiner Basis werden die regionalen Einflüsse von neun großen Einkaufszentren in der betrachteten Region analysiert. Die Analyse weist nach, dass die untersuchten Großzentren sehr stark die Einzelhandelsstruktur der Region bestimmen und auf Grund ihres relativen Erfolges gegenüber anderen Einzelhandelsstandorten (Innenstädte) einen großen Einfluss auf die Strukturschwäche der umliegenden Städte haben. Ein beträchtliches Umsatzvolumen der Landkreise fließt zu den untersuchten Einkaufszentren ab. Auf der anderen Seite beschreibt dieser Artikel den starken Einfluss einer systematischen Standortwahl auf das erzielbare Umsatzpotenzial der modellierten großflächigen Einkaufszentren untereinander. Die Großzentren Saale Park Günthersdorf (heute Nova Eventis) sowie Paunsdorf Center Leipzig weisen dabei den größten Einfluss auf die Konkurrenzzentren auf.
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The Distance Puzzle: On the Interpretation of the Distance Coefficient in Gravity Equations
Claudia M. Buch, J. Kleinert, Farid Toubal
Economics Letters,
Nr. 3,
2004
Abstract
Although globalization has diminished the importance of distance, empirical gravity models find little change in distance coefficients. We argue that changing distance costs are largely reflected in the constant term. A proportional fall in distance costs is consistent with constant distance coefficients.
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