In most countries, national statistical agencies do not release establishment-level business microdata, because doing so represents too large a risk to establishments’ confidentiality. One approach with the potential for overcoming these risks is to release synthetic data; that is, the released establishment data are simulated from statistical models designed to mimic the distributions of the underlying real microdata. In this article, we describe an application of this strategy to create a public use file for the Longitudinal Business Database, an annual economic census of establishments in the United States comprising more than 20 million records dating back to 1976. The U.S. Bureau of the Census and the Internal Revenue Service recently approved the release of these synthetic microdata for public use, making the synthetic Longitudinal Business Database the first-ever business microdata set publicly released in the United States. We describe how we created the synthetic data, evaluated analytical validity, and assessed disclosure risk.

Weakening bargaining power of unions and the increasing integration of the world economy may affect the volatility of capital and labor incomes. This paper documents and explains changes in income volatility. Using a theoretical framework which builds distribution risk into a real business cycle model, hypotheses on the determinants of the relative volatility of capital and labor are derived. The model is tested using industry-level data. The data cover 11 industrialized countries, 22 manufacturing and services industries, and a maximum of 35 years. The paper has four main findings. First, the unconditional volatility of labor and capital incomes has declined, reflecting the decline in macroeconomic volatility. Second, the idiosyncratic component of income volatility has hardly changed over time. Third, crosssectional heterogeneity in the evolution of relative income volatilities is substantial. If anything, the labor incomes of high- and low-skilled workers have become more volatile in relative terms. Fourth, income volatility is related to variables measuring the bargaining power of workers. Trade openness has no significant impact.

Die Debatte über die Folgen der Globalisierung für das deutsche Wirtschaftsmodell, die Soziale Marktwirtschaft, verweist immer wieder auf die Wertbindung von Wirtschaftsordnungen. Dies besitzt Tradition, denn immer war ökonomisches Handeln als Teil der gesellschaftlichen Interaktion eingebettet in konkrete gesellschaftliche Bedingtheiten. Durch die Globalisierung lösen sich diese Grenzen auf, der Wettbewerb der Ordnungen wird intensiver, damit auch die Frage, welche kulturellen Grundlagen erfolgreichen Wirtschaftsnationen eigen sind. In diesem Beitrag wird der Frage, weshalb Kultur für effizientes Wirtschaften wichtig ist, aus Sicht der modernen Informationsökonomik nachgegangen. Dabei erfolgt ein Rückgriff auf die alte und neue Institutionenökonomik, insbesondere die Transaktionskostenökonomik und die Vertragstheorie. Es wird gezeigt, daß spezifische Informationstechnologien bestimmte Kooperationsformen begünstigen, die Kern der Ausgestaltung institutioneller Arrangements sind. Gleichermaßen besteht eine Verbindung zwischen diesen Informationstechnologien und der Kultur, insbesondere den Wertestrukturen. Der Wettbewerb der Wirtschaftsordnungen begünstigt daher bestimmte Kombinationen technologischer, kultureller und ökonomischer Art. Hieraus folgt unmittelbar, daß kultureller Wettbewerb, insbesondere der Wettbewerb der Standorte und der Wirtschaftsordnungen, dem Güterwettbewerb vorgelagert ist. Im Sinne des Wettbewerbs der Werte und der zugehörigen Kultur gewinnt damit die Frage, welche Kulturvermittlung für Nationen aus ökonomischen Gründen bedeutsam ist, Gehalt. Der Beitrag zeigt, daß Technologien, insbesondere Informationstechnologien die Institutionenstruktur erheblich beeinflussen, die wiederum aufs engste mit Kulturinhalten, insbesondere Werthaltungen verbunden ist. Aus ökonomischer Sicht muß folglich das kulturelle Angebot als strategischer Wettbewerbsparameter angesehen werden.

This paper uses the co-incidence of extreme shocks to banks’ risk to examine within-country and across country contagion among large EU banks. Banks’ risk is measured by the first difference of weekly distances to default and abnormal returns. Using Monte Carlo simulations, the paper examines whether the observed frequency of large shocks experienced by two or more banks simultaneously is consistent with the assumption of a multivariate normal or a student t distribution. Further, the paper proposes a simple metric, which is used to identify contagion from one bank to another and identify “systemically important” banks in the EU.

The interbank money market plays a key role in the execution of monetary policy. Hence, it is important to know the functioning of this market and the determinants of the interbank money market rate. In this paper, we develop an interbank money market model with a heterogeneous banking sector. We show that besides for balancing daily liquidity fluctuations banks participate in the interbank market because they have different marginal costs of obtaining funds from the central bank. In the euro area, which we refer to, these cost differences occur because banks have different marginal cost of collateral which they need to hold to obtain funds from the central bank. Banks with relatively low marginal costs act as intermediaries between the central bank and banks with relatively high marginal costs. The necessary positive spread between the interbank market rate and the central bank rate is determined by transaction costs and credit risk in the interbank market, total liquidity needs of the banking sector, costs of obtaining funds from the central bank, and the distribution of the latter across banks.