A Simple Representation of the Bera-Jarque-Lee Test for Probit Models
Joachim Wilde
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 13,
2007
Abstract
The inference in probit models relies on the assumption of normality. However, tests of this assumption are not implemented in standard econometric software. Therefore, the paper presents a simple representation of the Bera-Jarque-Lee test, that does not require any matrix algebra. Furthermore, the representation is used to compare the Bera-Jarque- Lee test with the RESET-type test proposed by Papke and Wooldridge (1996).
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Determinants of Female Migration – The Case of German NUTS 3 Regions
Alexander Kubis, Lutz Schneider
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 12,
2007
Abstract
Our study examines the regional patterns and determinants of migration flows of young women. At the NUTS-3 regional level, i.e. the district level (Kreise), the German internal migration flows of the year 2005 are explored. From descriptive statistics it can be seen that peripheral regions in East Germany face the strongest migration deficit with respect to young women, whereas agglomerations in West Germany but also in the East benefit from an intense migration surplus within this group. An econometric analysis of determinants of regional migration flows gives evidence of the importance of labour market, family-related and educational migration motives. Generally speaking, young women tend to choose regions with good income and job opportunities, in addition they seem to be attracted by regions enabling an appropriate balance between family and career. Furthermore the existence of excellent educational facilities is a significant influence for young women’s migration. This educationally motivated type of migration generates a long lasting effect on the regional migration balance, especially when the educational opportunities in the destination region are associated with adequate career perspectives for high qualified female graduates. In view of considerable losses due to migration, the study shows various options for action. An important course of action is to incorporate policy measures improving regional employment and income opportunities. Secondly, extending vocational and academic offers addressed to women seems to be a suitable way to stimulate women’s immigration. Moreover, enhancing the social infrastructure, which contributes to a satisfactory work life balance, might attract young women or at least reduce the number of them leaving a region.
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Transport Costs and the Size of Cities: The Case of Russia
Albrecht Kauffmann
Volkswirtschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge der Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Fakultät, Universität Potsdam, Nr. 93,
Nr. 93,
2007
Abstract
Real costs of freight transportation have strong increased in Russia particularly during the period of price liberalization 1992–93. This paper investigates possible connections between rising transport costs and the evolution of the size structure of the system of cities in the Russian Federation and its federal subjects. Empirical findings suggest that under conditions of a closed system agglomeration processes according to the predictions of the model of Tabuchi et al. (2005) would have taken place especially in the periphere regions of the North and Far East.
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EU-Integration and the Prospects for Catch-up Development in CEECs - The Determinants of the Productivity Gap
Johannes Stephan
Endbericht des EU-Projekts HPSE-CT-2001-00065,
2004
Abstract
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Globale Verfügbarkeit von Informationen - Die Rolle der Medien als Informationsvermittler und Transmissionskanal
Sophie Wörsdorfer
Externe Publikationen,
2005
Abstract
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Who Invests in Training if Contracts are Temporary? - Empirical Evidence for Germany Using Selection Correction
Jan Sauermann
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 14,
2006
Abstract
This study deals with the effect of fixed-term contracts on work-related training. Though previous studies found a negative effect of fixed-term contracts on the participation in training, from the theoretical point of view it is not clear whether workers with fixed-term contracts receive less or more training, compared to workers with permanent contracts. In addition to the existing strand of literature, we especially distinguish between employer- and employee-financed training in order to allow for diverging investment patterns of worker and firm. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP), we estimate a bivariate probit model to control for selection effects that may arise from unobservable factors, affecting both participation in training and holding fixed-term contracts. Finding negative effects for employer-sponsored, as well as for employee-sponsored training, leads us to conclude that workers with fixed-term contracts do not compensate for lower firm investments.
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Vertical Intra-industry Trade between EU and Accession Countries
Hubert Gabrisch
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 12,
2006
Abstract
The paper analyses vertical intra-industry trade between EU and Accession countries, and concentrates on two country-specific determinants: Differences in personal income distribution and in technology. Both determinants have a strong link to national policies and to cross-border investment flows. In contrast to most other studies, income distribution is not seen as time-invariant variable, but as changing over time. What is new is also that differences in technology are tested in comparison with cost advantages from capital/labour ratios. The study applies panel estimation techniques with GLS. Results show country-pair fixed effects to be of high relevance for explaining vertical intraindustry trade. In addition, bilateral differences in personal income distribution and their changes are positive related to vertical intra-industry trade in this special regional integration framework; hence, distributional effects of policies matter. Also, technology differences turn out to be positively correlated with vertical intra-industry trade. However, the cost variable (here: relative GDP per capita) shows no clear picture, particularly not in combination with the technology variable.
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Können Kreditoreneigenschaften das Forderungsausfallrisiko bestimmen? Teil 1
Henry Dannenberg
Der Credit Manager,
Nr. 2,
2006
Abstract
Für gewerbliche Unternehmen, die Handelskredite vergeben, besteht die Gefahr, dass diese Kredite nicht vollständig zurückgezahlt werden. Dadurch können in Unternehmen Verluste entstehen, die die verfügbaren Kapital- und Liquiditätsreserven aufbrauchen, so dass die Kreditoren (Gläubiger) selbst in Existenz bedrohende Krisen geraten können. Unternehmen haben verschiedene Möglichkeiten, auf dieses Risiko zu reagieren. Zum einen können sie Risikosenkungsstrategien verfolgen, zum anderen sind für Risiken, die vom Unternehmen getragen werden, hinreichend hohe Kapital- und Liquiditätsreserven vorzuhalten, um im Schadensfall die eigene Zahlungsunfähigkeit zu vermeiden. Die gegenwärtig in der Praxis verwendeten Methoden dienen vorrangig der Senkung des Forderungsausfallrisikos. Dabei handelt es sich primär um Methoden zur Bewertung der Bonität eines Kunden. Weniger Aufmerksamkeit wird hingegen der Frage gewidmet, wie die Höhe der Forderungsausfallrisiken und damit die Höhe der erforderlichen Kapital- und Liquiditätsreserven eines Unternehmens bewertet werden können.
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Determinanten des Sozialhilfebezugs – Ökonometrische Studien zu Anreizethik und Simultanität in der sozialen Grundsicherung
Joachim Wilde
Schriften des IWH,
Nr. 23,
2006
Abstract
In der wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Diskussion wird die hohe Zahl von Sozialhilfeempfängern vor allem damit begründet, dass der Lohnabstand zwischen Erwerbstätigkeit und Sozialhilfe zu gering sei. Folglich lohne es sich nicht zu arbeiten. Eine statistische Absicherung dieser Aussage fehlt jedoch ebenso wie die Einbeziehung alternativer Anreizfaktoren in eine multiple Analyse. Darüber hinaus kann das Argument nicht erklären, warum ein hoher Anteil derjenigen Haushalte, die einen Anspruch auf Sozialhilfe haben, diesen nicht geltend macht. Die vorliegende Untersuchung schließt diese Lücken. Zum einen wird ein neues theoretisches Konzept der Anreizethik entwickelt und gemeinsam mit der Lohnabstandshypothese geprüft. Zum anderen werden bei der Analyse der Nichtinanspruchnahme methodische Schwächen der bisherigen Analysen beseitigt. Übertragen auf die Hartz IV-Reform lassen die Ergebnisse erwarten, dass die Nichtinanspruchnahme der Sozialleistung zurückgehen wird, während sich die Anreize zur Überwindung des Bezugs z. T. sogar verschlechtert haben.
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