Gender Quotas and Human Capital Formation: A Relative Deprivation Approach
Walter Hyll
German Economic Review,
Nr. 3,
2017
Abstract
We study a quota's effect on individual human capital investment incentives beyond merely altering individual's overall probability of being promoted. We assume that individuals sense relative deprivation from unfavorable (income) comparisons within their reference group and that comparisons take place within the same gender. The introduction of a female quota increases (decreases) the number of women (men) holding top positions. On one hand, the relative deprivation to which female individuals are subjected to increases. These female individuals respond to an increase in their relative deprivation by acquiring additional human capital which, because it enables them to increase their earnings, reduces their relative deprivation. On the other hand, male individuals invest less in human capital in response to a decrease in relative deprivation. We show that the human capital formed by women who are encouraged to do so by the quotas is larger than the human capital that men who are discouraged by the quotas refrain from forming. However, the positive human capital accumulation effect hinges on a certain level of ability by gender and on how much individuals perceive relative deprivation.
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The Dynamic Effects of Works Councils on Labour Productivity: First Evidence from Panel Data
Steffen Müller, Jens Stegmaier
British Journal of Industrial Relations,
Nr. 2,
2017
Abstract
We estimate dynamic effects of works councils on labour productivity using newly available information from West German establishment panel data. Conditioning on plant fixed effects and control variables, we find negative productivity effects during the first five years after council introduction but a steady and substantial increase in the councils’ productivity effect thereafter. Our findings support a causal interpretation for the positive correlation between council existence and plant productivity that has been frequently reported in previous studies.
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The Research Data Centre of the Halle Institute for Economic Research – Member of the Leibniz Association FDZ-IWH
Tim Kuttig, Cornelia Lang
Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik,
Nr. 2,
2017
Abstract
The Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH) was founded in 1992 and operates three research departments: Macroeconomics, Financial Markets, and Structural Change and Productivity. The IWH’s research structure is designed to foster close interplay between micro and macroeconomic research, however it has its roots in the empirical research conducted on the transition from a planned to a market economy, with a particular focus on East Germany.
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European Firms after the Crisis – New Insights from the 5th Vintage of the CompNet Firm-level-based Database
Elena Ashtari Tafti, Richard Bräuer, Sante De Pinto, Marco Grazioli, Matthias Mertens, Daniel Stöhlker, Marta Tagliabue
,
2016
Abstract
This report intends to shed light on the competitive stance of European firms after the crisis. In line with CompNet cutting-edge approach, we take a firm-level perspective to analyse the competitive position of European firms by drawing from the new vintage of the firm-level-based CompNet database. This micro-level approach allows us to ascertain the extent in which firms performances are heterogeneous across EU, also in relation of possible determinants of such performance.
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State Aid and Guarantees in Europe
Reint E. Gropp, Lena Tonzer
T. Beck, B. Casu (eds): The Palgrave Handbook of European Banking, London,
2016
Abstract
During the recent financial crisis, governments massively intervened in the banking sector by providing liquidity assistance and capital support to banks in distress. This helped stabilize the financial system in the short run. However, public bailouts also bear the risk of longer-term distortions, for example, by affecting bailout expectations of banks. In this chapter, the authors first provide an overview of state aid interventions during the recent crisis episode. The third section then analyzes the effects of state aid on financial stability from a theoretical view. This is followed by the description of results obtained from empirical studies. The link between the provision of state aid and politics is discussed in the section “Institutional Design and Policy Implications”. Finally, in the section “The European Banking Union” the authors describe the elements of the European Banking Union meant to resolve and restructure banks in distress and to lower the need for public intervention. Based on the preceding analysis, conclusions are drawn regarding the new design.
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European Bank Efficiency and Performance: The Effects of Supranational Versus National Bank Supervision
Rients Galema, Michael Koetter
T. Beck, B. Casu (eds): The Palgrave Handbook of European Banking, London,
2016
Abstract
This chapter explores European bank efficiency and performance. First, the authors provide an overview of the key estimation methods for efficiency and discuss selected applications to the European banking sector. Second, they apply stochastic frontier analysis to investigate the extent to which the reallocation of supervisory powers is associated with efficiency differences between European banks. In doing so, the discussion focuses particularly on whether direct supervision by the Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM) as opposed to national competent authority (NCA) is related to cost and profit efficiency.
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Finanzielle Instabilität und Krise in den Post-Transformations-Ländern
Hubert Gabrisch
Wirtschaftspolitische Blätter,
Nr. 3,
2009
Abstract
Die Ansteckung durch die globale Finanzkrise war nur ein Auslöser für die schwere Krise in den europäischen Post-Transformations-Ländern. Ursache war die seit 2001 zunehmende finanzielle Instabilität der Länder in Zusammenhang mit der Übernahme ihres Banken- und Finanzsektors durch internationale Finanzinstitutionen. Allgemeine euphorische Renditeerwartungen bildeten den Auftakt für Vermögenspreisblasen und die steigende Verschuldung des privaten Sektors, die durch ausländische Kapitalzuflüsse genährt wurde. Die Studie argumentiert daher, dass simple Konzepte einer Beschränkung inländischer Nachfrage keinen Ausweg aus der Krise weisen. Vielmehr wird eine zweite Transformation notwendig, die ein Wachstumsmodell etabliert, das den Einfluss spekulativer Kapitalzuflüsse reduziert und weiterhin hohe Wachstumsraten ermöglicht.
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Eine europäische Post-Transformationsregion auf dem Weg zur Integration: Wirtschaftliche Lage und Perspektiven im deutsch-polnisch-tschechischen Dreiländereck
Gerhard Heimpold
I. Roch, J. Banse, H. Leimbrock, J. Mathey (Hrsg.): Transformationsprozesse und Entwicklungsperspektiven im Dreiländereck Deutschland - Polen - Tschechien. IÖR Schriften Band 70, Rhombos-Verlag: Berlin,
2016
Abstract
Der Beitrag untersucht vergleichend die wirtschaftliche Leistungsfähigkeit der Regionen im deutsch-polnisch-tschechischen Dreiländereck, für die sich die nach dem EU-Beitritt Polens und Tschechiens neue Entwicklungschancen ergeben haben. Der Beitrag zeigt Handlungsbedarfe, um noch besser wirtschaftlichen Nutzen von der Grenzöffnung zu ziehen.
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Crowdfunding and Bank Stress
Daniel Blaseg, Michael Koetter
Banking Beyond Banks and Money: A Guide to Banking Services in the Twenty-First Century,
2016
Abstract
Bank instability may induce borrowers to use crowdfunding as a source of external finance. A range of stress indicators help identify banks with potential credit supply constraints, which then can be linked to a unique, manually constructed sample of 157 new ventures seeking equity crowdfunding, for comparison with 200 ventures that do not use crowdfunding. The sample comprises projects from all major German equity crowdfunding platforms since 2011, augmented with controls for venture, manager, and bank characteristics. Crowdfunding is significantly more likely for new ventures that interact with stressed banks. Innovative funding sources are thus particularly relevant in times of stress among conventional financiers. But crowdfunded ventures are generally also more opaque and risky than new ventures that do not use crowdfunding.
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Unternehmensinsolvenzen in Deutschland im Zuge der Corona-Krise
Oliver Holtemöller
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
Nr. 1,
2021
Abstract
Die Corona-Pandemie hat die deutsche Wirtschaft in eine tiefe Rezession getrieben. In diesem Beitrag wird analysiert, wie sich die Rezession in den Unternehmensinsolvenzen niederschlägt. Prognosen auf Basis des üblichen Zusammenhangs zwischen Bruttowertschöpfung und Unternehmensinsolvenzen nach Wirtschaftsbereichen deuten auf eine kräftige Zunahme der Unternehmensinsolvenzen im zweiten Halbjahr 2020 hin. Für Unternehmensinsolvenzen gelten allerdings seit März 2020 Ausnahmeregelungen, die das Ziel haben, allein durch die Corona-Krise bedingte Unternehmensinsolvenzen zu vermeiden. Ferner erhalten die Unternehmen finanzielle Unterstützung im Rahmen der Corona-Hilfspakete. Mit zunehmender Dauer der wirtschaftlichen Beeinträchtigungen nimmt die Wahrscheinlichkeit von Unternehmensinsolvenzen gleichwohl zu, sodass nach Aufhebung der Ausnahmeregelungen Insolvenzen nachgeholt werden dürften und das übliche konjunkturelle Muster wieder greift.
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