Bank-Firm Relationships and International Banking Markets
Hans Degryse, Steven Ongena
International Journal of the Economics of Business,
No. 3,
2002
Abstract
This paper reviews how long-term relationships between firms and banks shape the structure and integration of banking markets worldwide. Bank relationships arise to span informational asymmetries that are endemic in financial markets. Firm-bank relationships not only entail specific benefits and costs for both the engaged firms and banks, but also directly affect the structure of banking markets. In particular, the sunk cost of screening and monitoring activities and the 'informational capital' collected by the incumbent banks may act as a barrier to entry. The intensity of the existing firm-bank relationships will determine the height of this barrier and shape the structure of international banking markets. For example, in Scandinavia where firms maintain few and strong relationships, foreign banks may only be able to enter successfully through mergers and acquisitions. On the other hand, Southern European firms maintain many bank relationships. Therefore, banks may consider entering Southern European banking markets through direct investment.
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Supraregional sales markets: Development chances for companies in the East German manufacturing sector
Brigitte Loose, Udo Ludwig
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 16,
2001
Abstract
In this paper the export activities of the East German manufacturing industry are studied where exports are defined in a broad sense including both sales abroad and in West Germany. Survey data for 1998 and 1999 are used to reveal the relationship between technical as well as institutional characteristics of the companies and their exports. The following questions are discussed: Which companies participate in the export activities? What are the main regions of their business? Which in-house factors influence the export activities? What are the financial outcomes for the companies engaged in exports? Hypotheses are built on the basis of the market transaction costs theory. Bivariate and multivariate approaches are applied. The data are taken from the “Establishment Panel” of the Institute for Employment Research at the Federal Employment Services (IAB) in Nuremberg (Germany).
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Public Research Institutions in East Germany: a Promising Base for Economic Upturn?
Gerhard Heimpold, Martin T. W. Rosenfeld
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 15,
2001
Abstract
In the 1990s a lot was done to strengthen public research efforts in East Germany. The main indicators relating to public research reflect an ambivalent picture. Investment by universities and public research institutions outside the universities reached a higher level than in West Germany. However, there remains an East-West gap with respect to the capital stock. The per capita stock of R&D staff in the university sector reached almost the level in the old Länder. With respect to the university R&D in engineering sciences, among those fields of university research which are particularly business-related, per capita stock of staff as well as per capita investment in the Eastern German Länder are above the West German level. In university natural science the East-West pattern of the R&D input factors mentioned is reversed. The receipts of the universities acquired from research contracts, which may be used as an indicator to assess the quality of public research, reveal shortcomings. These shortcomings, though these have been partly caused by the transitional situation in East Germany`s universities, where new institutions were built up only gradually. The R&D institutions outside the universities are obviously better equipped than such institutions in West Germany.
The visible advantages offered by public sector research institutions in East Germany might be used much more intensively to foster the economic reconstruction in East Germany. In parallel with this, the remaining shortcomings of public R&D in East Germany should be eliminated. If reductions in universities´ capacities (due, for instance, to a declining number of persons who have a university entrance qualification) seem to be inevitable, the consequences of such restrictions should be carefully reconsidered.
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Attribute Dependence and the Provision of Quality
Hans Degryse, Andreas Irmen
Regional Science and Urban Economics,
No. 5,
2001
Abstract
Often a quality improvement necessitates modifications of varietal product features. This paper studies firms’ incentives to provide quality when this decision affects the goods’ degree of perceived horizontal differentiation. We find that the quality level hinges crucially on the interaction between the quality and the varietal product attribute. We examine the outcome of a game where firms decide on quality and price relative to what a social planner would desire. If the interaction between quality and perceived horizontal differentiation is sufficiently positive, we find for the sequential game ‘quality then price’ that the private incentives to provide quality are excessive relative to the social optimum. As a result the level and the direction of interaction between the attributes determines whether there is excessive or insufficient provision of quality.
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Bank Relationships and Firm Profitability
Hans Degryse, Steven Ongena
Financial Management,
No. 1,
2001
Abstract
This paper examines how bank relationships affect firm performance. An empirical implication of recent theoretical models is that firms maintaining multiple bank relationships are less profitable than their single-bank peers. We investigate this empirical implication using a data set containing virtually all Norwegian publicly listed firms for the period 1979-1995. We find that profitability is substantially higher if firms maintain only a single bank relationship. We also find that firms replacing a single bank relationship are on average smaller and younger than firms not replacing a single bank relationship.
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Evaluationsbericht: Das Internet strategisch richtig nutzen
Albrecht Kauffmann, P. J. J. Welfens, M. Vogelsang
Diskussionsbeiträge des Europäischen Instituts für Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen (EIIW), Universität Potsdam, Nr. 79,
No. 79,
2001
Abstract
Using the internet and internetbased services is now common among medium and large firms in Germany. However, for smaller firms (SMEs) the use of internet application is a new challenge to which they still have to respond – this is crucial for remaining competitive. The project Adapt2 “Using the Internet in an adaquate and strategic way“ looks into the effects of SMEs' basic steps towards the internet. We focus on adequacy of government promotion of SME activities – specifically firms from the sector producing machinery and equipment are analysed. The project was led by ZENIT GmbH, Mülheim a.d. Ruhr; the whole project also involved participation of the European Institute for International Economic Relations (EIIW). As part of a broader evaluation EIIW also conducted surveys – both focussing on firms involved in the project and in other firms from the same sector. It turned out that specific measures of support indeed were helpful for SMEs; obviously, there is additional need for further practical support and research.
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Determinants of investment intensity in the East German manufacturing sector – An analysis based on the IAB company panel
Bärbel Laschke
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 127,
2000
Abstract
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East German industry 1998: Increase of operating turnover through development of internal potentials – An empirical IAB Company Panel analysis –
Brigitte Loose
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2000
Abstract
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird der Differenziertheit der Entwicklung der ostdeutschen Industriebetriebe in der Aufschwungphase 1997/1998 nachgegangen und zugleich Faktoren herauskristallisiert, die Ansatzpunkte zur Erklärung der Unterschiede zwischen den Betrieben liefern können. Als Indikator für die betriebliche Entwicklung wird die Umsatzveränderung 1998 gegenüber 1997 gewählt, die zum Ausdruck bringt, ob die Produkte vom Markt stärker oder weniger stark als im Vorjahr absorbiert wurden. Bi- und multivariate Analysen anhand des IAB-Betriebspanels von 1998 zeigen dann, welche Zusammenhänge zwischen Umsatzentwicklung und verschiedenen Betriebsmerk-malen für das Jahr 1998 bestehen, wobei neben allgemeinen Betriebscharakteristika, wie Größe, Alter, Entstehungsform und Branchenzugehörigkeit, auch solche wichtigen Größen mit einbezogen werden, wie technischer Stand der Anlagen, Innovationen, Managementkompetenz, Lohnbelastung, Marktposition, Inanspruchnahme von Fördermaßnahmen und Wettbewerbsintensität.
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Mittelständische Unternehmen und das Internet: Perspektiven in Deutschland
Albrecht Kauffmann, P. J. J. Welfens, J. Hollants
Diskussionsbeiträge des Europäischen Instituts für Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen (EIIW), Universität Potsdam, Nr. 74,
No. 74,
2000
Abstract
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Limitations of R&D promotion policy: What does it achieve in the New Länder?
Ralf Müller
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 13,
1999
Abstract
In den neuen Ländern wird durch verschiedene
Instrumente Forschung und Entwicklung (FuE)
von Unternehmen gefördert. Dazu zählen infrastrukturelle Maßnahmen, Projektzuschußförderungen, Kapitalhilfen und Personalkostenzuschüsse. Zwar rechtfertigt das Fehlen von FuE-Netzwerken in den neuen Ländern eine ostdeutschlandspezifische FuE-Förderung, da hierdurch sowohl FuE bestehender Unternehmen als auch die Neuansiedlung FuE-intensiver Unternehmen behindert wird. Die angewandten Instrumente weisen jedoch teilweise erhebliche Schwächen auf und werden der ostdeutschen Problematik insgesamt kaum gerecht. Problematisch sind besonders Projektzuschußförderung und Personalkostenzuschüsse. Um die FuE-Förderung zu verbessern und an die ostdeutsche Netzwerkproblematik anzupassen, ist daher vor allem eine Gewichtsverlagerung zugunsten effizienterer Instrumente anzuraten. Dabei sei allerdings vor übertriebenen Erwartungen an die Möglichkeiten staatlicher FuE-Förderung gewarnt.
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