The Contestable Markets Theory - Efficient Advice for Economic Policy
Christian Growitsch, Thomas Wein
External Publications,
2004
Abstract
During the nineties of the last century several formerly monopolistic markets (telecommunication, electricity, gas, and railway) have been deregulated in Germany based on European directives and theoretically inspired by the theory of contestable markets. The original contestable market theory implied three assumptions necessary to be satisfied to establish potential competition: Free market entry, market exit possible without any costs, and the price adjustment lag exceeding the entry lag. Our analysis shows that if the incumbent reduces its prices slowly (high adjustment lag) and the market entry can be performed quickly (low entry lag), a new competitor will be able to earn back sunk costs. Therefore it is not necessary that all three conditions be complied with for potential competition to exist. Applying this „revised“ contestable market theory to the deregulated sectors in Germany, natural monopolies can be identified in telecommunication sections local loops and local/regional connection networks, in the national electricity grid and the regional/local electricity distribution networks, in the national and regional/local gas transmission/distribution sections, and in the railroad network. These sections are not contestable due to sunk costs, expected high entry lags and a probably short price adjustment lag. They are identified as bottlenecks, which should be regulated. The function of system operators in energy and railroad are closely related to the non-contestable monopolistic networks.
Read article
The influence of Vertical Integration and Property Rights on Network Access Charges in the German Electricity Markets
Christian Growitsch, Thomas Wein
External Publications,
No. 6,
2004
Abstract
German Electricity markets were deregulated in the late nineties of the last century. In contrast to other European countries, the German government enacted negotiated third party access instead of installing a regulation authority. Network access charges for new competitors are based on contractual arrangements between energy producers and industrial consumers, which specify the calculation schemes for access charges. Local and regional suppliers are nevertheless able to set (monopolistic) charges at their own discretion, restricted only by the possibility of interference competition authorities. While some of those suppliers have been acquired by one of the four Transmission System Operators and become vertically integrated, the majority is still independent public utility companies. In this paper we analyse if there is evidence for different charging behaviour depending on the supplier’s economic independence or its level of vertical integration. Controlling for other coefficients as the so called structural features and related cost differences as well as the influence of competition law suits, multivariate estimations show significantly lower access charges than vertically separated suppliers, whereas incorporated network operators charge significantly higher charges compared to independent suppliers for at least one typical case.
Read article
Liberalization of Electricity Markets in Selected European Countries
Albrecht Kauffmann, M. Keim, P. J. J. Welfens
Diskussionsbeiträge des Europäischen Instituts für Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen (EIIW), Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Nr. 124,
No. 124,
2004
Abstract
We look into liberalization issues in the context of the EU Electricity Liberalization. Taking a look at principal issues reveals that the Community Directive 96/92/EC does not really take into account the interdependencies of energy markets. Moreover, third party access is not effectively enforced, particularly not in Germany, where mergers between a major electricity company and the dominant gas company have raised particular issues. Electricity liberalization in Scandinavia is working relatively well. EU accession countries are considered potential electricity exporters in the long run as full restructuring will drive down both energy intensities and electricity intensities. Russia would be wise to quickly become a member country of WTO, not in the least to gain access to Western Europe’s electricity market; the role of Russia so far has been neglected in the discussion of electricity liberalization. Excess capacities in EU-27 can be expected in the medium term. There is considerable doubt that politicians – often with ambitious goals in the field of environmental policy – will allow for a pan-European liberalization of electricity. We also take a closer look at regulatory policy issues.
Read article
Deregulation and liberalization in European electricity industry
Constanze Kreis
Schriften des IWH,
No. 17,
2004
Abstract
Seit Ende der 80er Jahre ist weltweit eine zunehmende Liberalisierung und Deregulierung von Wirtschaftsbereichen zu verzeichnen, in denen der Ausschluss von Wettbewerb durch das Vorherrschen von Monopolstrukturen und deren Regulierung kennzeichnend war. Im Zuge dieser Entwicklung wurde mit der Verabschiedung der EU-Richtlinie zur Schaffung eines Binnenmarktes für Elektrizität im Jahre 1996 auch in Europa ein neuer energiepolitischer Ordnungsrahmen geschaffen, nachdem hier zunächst kontroverse Debatten für eine zögerliche Herangehensweise an Strukturreformen auf diesem Gebiet geführt haben. Die Umsetzung der Richtlinie hat seither, wenn auch in unterschiedlichem Maße, in den nationalen Strommärkten zu tiefgreifenden strukturellen Umbrüchen geführt. Die Reorganisation dieses Wirtschaftszweigs ist aber im europäischen Maßstab bisher keineswegs abgeschlossen und der transnationale Handel mit Strom noch eingeschränkt. Die vorliegende Arbeit wendet sich angesichts der dynamischen Situation auf diesem noch jungen Wettbewerbsmarkt einer Reihe interessanter wissenschaftlicher Fragestellungen zu, die sich aus dem Prozess der Deregulierung und Liberalisierung der Stromwirtschaft ergeben. Wegen der Besonderheiten des Gutes „Elektrizität“ sind die Erkenntnisse, die über Marktvorgänge in anderen Wirtschaftsbereichen gewonnen wurden, nicht uneingeschränkt auf die Elektrizitätswirtschaft zu übertragen. Die Thematik weist damit eine große Heterogenität und Komplexität auf. Die Autorin trägt diesem Umstand Rechnung, indem sie mehrere Kapitel aus jeweils unterschiedlicher Perspektive mit verschiedenen Methoden den Deregulierungsprozess analysiert. Im Ergebnis lässt sich festhalten, dass der Bereich der Elektrizitätswirtschaft ein Sektor bleiben wird, der nicht nur während seiner Umbruchphase, sondern grundsätzlich auch weiterhin besonderer wettbewerbspolitischer Aufmerksamkeit bedarf, da trotz bereits zu verzeichnender Effizienzgewinne nicht davon ausgegangen werden kann, dass im Zuge der Deregulierung und Liberalisierung eine erhöhte Effizienz allein durch Regulierungsabbau erzielt wird.
Read article
Employment effects of development of renewable energies
Steffen Hentrich, Jürgen Wiemers, Joachim Ragnitz
IWH-Sonderhefte,
No. 1,
2004
Abstract
Die Bundesregierung strebt bis zum Jahr 2010 eine Verdopplung des Anteils erneuerbarer Energien am Primärenergie- sowie am Bruttostromverbrauch an. Das vorrangige Ziel der damit verbundenen Umstrukturierung des Energiesektors ist die Verbesserung der Umweltqualität. Es darf jedoch nicht außer Acht gelassen werden, dass die Förderung erneuerbarer Energien zwangsläufig auch gesamtwirtschaftliche Auswirkungen hat. Angesichts der anhaltend angespannten Lage am Arbeitsmarkt stehen dabei insbesondere die Beschäftigungseffekte der Förderung erneuerbarer Energien im Mittelpunkt des öffentlichen und wirtschaftspolitischen Interesses. Vor diesem Hintergrund hat das Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung Halle im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Arbeit (BMWA) die gesamtwirtschaftlichen und insbesondere beschäftigungsrelevanten Auswirkungen des angestrebten Ausbaus erneuerbarer Energien untersucht. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Studien dieser Art wurde dabei besonderer Wert auf eine dynamische Analyse gelegt, die neben den expansiven Beschäftigungsimpulsen im Bereich der erneuerbaren Energien auch die gegenläufigen Beschäftigungswirkungen berücksichtigt, die durch Verdrängung konventioneller Energieträger und durch erhöhte Steuern zur Finanzierung von Subventionen für regenerative Energien entstehen. Die vorliegende Untersuchung gibt eine zusammenfassende Darstellung der Vorgehensweise und der Ergebnisse des Forschungsprojekts. Es zeigt sich, dass per saldo durch den verstärkten Ausbau erneuerbarer Energien keine zusätzliche Beschäftigung generiert wird.
Read article
Measurement of Contagion in Banks' Equity Prices
Reint E. Gropp, G. Moerman
Journal of International Money and Finance,
No. 3,
2004
Abstract
This paper uses the co-incidence of extreme shocks to banks’ risk to examine within-country and across country contagion among large EU banks. Banks’ risk is measured by the first difference of weekly distances to default and abnormal returns. Using Monte Carlo simulations, the paper examines whether the observed frequency of large shocks experienced by two or more banks simultaneously is consistent with the assumption of a multivariate normal or a student t distribution. Further, the paper proposes a simple metric, which is used to identify contagion from one bank to another and identify “systemically important” banks in the EU.
Read article
“Law on loyalty to collectively agreed standards“ - no means for adjusting competitive conditions in construction industry
Andrea Besenthal
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 2,
2004
Abstract
Due to the increasing competition from abroad which is able to offer services for lower prices because of lower wage standards the stress of competition intensifies in Germany. With regard to West Germany the East German companies - paying lower wages – represent an immediate business competition. The supporter of the Tariftreuegesetze (laws concerning the construction industry which restrict public contracts only to contractors who pay union wages) see the laws` advantage in eliminating the existing differences in competitive conditions, which emerge from differences on the wage level. The IWH study concludes that the named wage laws do not seem necessary from an economic point of view.
Read article
Investment, Financial Markets, New Economy Dynamics and Growth in Transition Countries
Albrecht Kauffmann, P. J. J. Welfens
Economic Opening Up and Growth in Russia: Finance, Trade, Market Institutions, and Energy,
2004
Abstract
The transition to a market economy in the former CMEA area is more than a decade old and one can clearly distinguish a group of relatively fast growing countries — including Estonia, Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovenia — and a majority of slowly growing economies, including Russia and the Ukraine. Initial problems of transition were natural in the sense that systemic transition to a market economy has effectively destroyed part of the existing capital stock that was no longer profitable under the new relative prices imported from world markets; and there was a transitory inflationary push as low state-administered prices were replaced by higher market equilibrium prices. Indeed, systemic transformation in eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union have brought serious transitory inflation problems and a massive transition recession; negative growth rates have continued over many years in some countries, including Russia and the Ukraine, where output growth was negative throughout the 1990s (except for Russia, which recorded slight growth in 1997). For political and economic reasons the economic performance of Russia is of particular relevance for the success of the overall transition process. If Russia would face stagnation and instability, this would undermine political and economic stability in the whole of Europe and prospects for integrating Russia into the world economy.
Read article
Unit labor costs and competitiveness - a micro econometric analysis for East Germany
Harald Lehmann
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 180,
2003
Abstract
The paper stresses the value of unit labour costs as an indicator of competitiveness. It is assumed that there are different advantages by using microeconomic data which additionally allow the use of panelregressive methods. The findings for East German enterprises in the manufacturing industry (1998 to 2000) are that unit labour cost are useful for explaining the profit rate. This indicates that East German firms are facing in-price competition which depends clearly of labour costs. But unit labour costs do not explain the success on supraregional markets which are marked by non-in-price competition.
Read article
Enterprise-related services in East-Germany – an investigation of the service sector statistics
Siegfried Beer
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2003
Abstract
According to the national accounts in East Germany, the enterprise-related services have developed substantielly since 1990. This is expressed by the average annual increase of real gross value added of 9.5% (GDP: 4.9%) until 2000. According to the newly introduced service sector statistics (for 2000), firms in the East German enterprise related services have on average 9 employes, and thus, they are only slightly smaller than enterprises in West-Germany. Much bigger differences appear with respect to the average sales and productivity (60% or 45%). Various explanations exist. One major reason obviously is, that enterprises in East-Germany make smaller sales because of the clearly smaller size of enterprises which demand these services. Furthermore the smaller earning power of services demanding enterprises, differences in the branch structur of enterprise related services, and administrative regulations for prices play a role.
Read article