Causes of the retarded integration of EU and CIS-countries
Bogdan Gorokhovskij
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2002
Abstract
Die wirtschaftliche Integration zwischen der EU und den drei GUS-Ländern Russland, Ukraine und Belarus (GUS-3) befindet sich auf einem vergleichsweise niedrigen Entwicklungsstand. Verantwortlich dafür ist ein nur enger handelspolitischer Rahmen der Liberalisierung in Form von Partnerschafts- und Kooperationsabkommen. Dieser Rahmen wurde zudem von den drei Ländern nicht ausreichend umgesetzt. Gründe dafür waren erstens die noch unzureichende institutionelle Transformation in den Ländern, zweitens der geringe Anreiz, den diese Abkommen für die Länder bieten, und drittens die mangelnde Einbettung in längerfristige strategische Ziele. Eine Intensivierung der Wirtschaftsbeziehungen mit den GUS-Ländern ist aber erforderlich, wenn die erweiterte Union ihrem Ziel, das Wohlstandsgefälle zwischen ihr und der GUS zu verringern, näherkommen möchte. Die erste Voraussetzung dazu ist die Fortführung der institutionellen und marktwirtschaftlichen Transformation in den GUS-Ländern. Aber auch unter diesen günstigeren Bedingungen würden sich die Partnerschafts- und Kooperationsabkommen als wenig effektiv erweisen. Angesichts der bereits erreichten Reformfortschritte in Russland und der Ukraine wäre zu überlegen, die bisherigen Abkommen durch einen umfassenden Zollabbau zu ergänzen.
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EU enlargement to the East: Decreasing acceptance of accession in applying
Werner Gnoth, Martina Kämpfe
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 2,
2002
Abstract
Approaching the end of the accession negotiations with the EU, the ratification of the accession contracts in the Central and Eastern European candidate countries gains in impoprtance. The article shows that the decreasing acceptance of EU-accession in the candidate countries is rooted in their increaing levels of prosperity, in the progress of negotiations and particularly in the role of agriculture. In several countries, a no-vote in a referendum seems likely, but could adversely affect prospects for future economic.
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Financial fragility and exchange rate arrangements of EU candidate countries
Hubert Gabrisch
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 156,
2002
Abstract
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Intra-industry trade between European Union and Transition Economies. Does income distribution matter?
Hubert Gabrisch, Maria Luigia Segnana
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 155,
2002
Abstract
EU-TE trade is increasingly characterised by intra-industry trade. For some countries (Czech Republic), the share of intra-industry trade in total trade with the EU approaches 60 percent. The decomposition of intra-industry trade into horizontal and vertical shares reveals overwhelming vertical structures with strong quality advantages for the EU and shrinking quality advantages for TE countries wherever trade has been liberalised. Empirical research on factors determining this structure in an EU-TE framework has lagged theoretical and empirical research on horizontal trade and vertical trade in other regions of the world. The main objective of this paper is, therefore, to contribute to the ongoing debate over EU-TE trade structures, by offering an explanation of intra-industry trade. We utilize a cross-country approach in which relative wage differences and country size play a leading role. In addition, as implied by a model of the productquality
cycle, we examine income distribution factors as determinates of the emerging
EU-TE structure of trade flows. Using OLS regressions, we find first, that relative
differences in wages (per capita income) and country size explain intra-industry trade, when trade is vertical and completely liberalized and second, that cross country differences in income distribution play no explanatory role. We conclude that if increasing wage differences resulted from an increasing productivity gap between highquality and low-quality industries, then vertical structures will, over the long-term create significant barriers for the increase in TE incomes and lowering EU-TE income differentials.
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Risk Potential for Financial Crises for the Central and East European Transition Countries still high
Axel Brüggemann, Thomas Linne
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 1,
2002
Abstract
Since the mid-nineties there have been several financial crises in Central and Eastern Europe. Among the countries affected are Bulgaria, the Czech Republic and Romania - all countries with which the European Union is in the midst of accession negotiations. The prevention of financial crises is also important due to the output losses which occurr in the affected countries. Additionally, contagion effects can influence the economic situation in third countries such as those of the EU. For this reason, the IWH analyses on a regular basis the risk potential of the EU-accession countries as well as for Turkey and Russia.
Since the beginning of 1999 at least two different phases in the development of the risk potential can be distinguished for the majority of the Central and Eastern European countries. The first phase is marked by an increase in the risk potential across all countries in the region because of the contagion and spill-over effects following the Russian financial crisis in August 1998. The risk potential was considerably reduced with the phasing out of these effects and a worldwide economic recovery. However, since mid-2000 a second phase has set in. The weaker international environment has again led to a sizable increase in the crisis vulnerability of several countries, where a host of signals indicate an urgent need for economic policy actions.
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East German exports still show high dynamics in first half of 2001
Ingrid Haschke
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 16,
2001
Abstract
Since last year, growth has weakened sharply in most regions of the world, accompanied by a marked decline in world trade growth. There was a significant impact on demand and activity in the industrial countries. In contrast to that the data indicate increasing east German exports of goods. In the first half of 2001 the exports of the new states rose sharply by around 25% compared with the period of the previous year and the share of exports in GDP rose.
The export structure by regions has changed over time. At the beginning of the nineties the main customers of east German exports were still central and eastern Europe. Now almost half of the goods are delivered to EU-countries. Cars and electrical engineering products are the main export goods with a share of around 30%.
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Rating Agency Actions and the Pricing of Debt and Equity of European Banks: What Can we Infer About Private Sector Monitoring of Bank Soundness?
Reint E. Gropp, A. J. Richards
Economic Notes,
No. 3,
2001
Abstract
The recent consultative papers by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision has raised the possibility of an explicit role for external rating agencies in the assessment of the credit risk of banks’ assets, including interbank claims. Any judgement on the merits of this proposal calls for an assessment of the information contained in credit ratings and its relationship to other publicly available information on the financial health of banks and borrowers. We assess this issue via an event study of rating change announcements by leading international rating agencies, focusing on rating changes for European banks for which data on bond and equity prices are available. We find little evidence of announcement effects on bond prices, which may reflect the lack of liquidity in bond markets in Europe during much of our sample period. For equity prices, we find strong effects of ratings changes, although some of our results may suffer from contamination by contemporaneous news events. We also test for pre-announcement and post-announcement effects, but find little evidence of either. Overall, our results suggest that ratings agencies may perform a useful role in summarizing and obtaining non-public information on banks and that monitoring of banks’ risk through bond holders appears to be relatively limited in Europe. The relatively weak monitoring by bondholders casts some doubt on the effectiveness of a subordinated debt requirement as a supervisory tool in the European context, at least until bond markets are more developed.
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Current trends - Ireland - Model for future EU acceding countries?
Gerald Müller
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 7,
2001
Abstract
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Further development and application of an early warning indicator system for observing and evaluating financial crises in prospective EU acceding countries and selected Central and Eastern European countries
Axel Brüggemann, Thomas Linne
IWH-Sonderhefte,
No. 4,
2001
Abstract
Seit Beginn der 1990er Jahre haben mehrere der Beitrittskandidatenländer für eine Mitgliedschaft in der Europäischen Union (EU) sowie Russland und die Ukraine Finanzkrisen durchlaufen. Das jüngst betroffene Land ist die Türkei, wo im November 2000 eine schwerwiegende Finanzkrise ausbrach und deren Folgen immer noch nicht gänzlich absehbar sind. Die Finanzkrisen umfassten dabei sowohl Währungskrisen als auch Bankenkrisen. Eine wichtige Rolle für den Ausbruch von Währungskrisen spielte die oftmalige Fixierung des Wechselkurses mit dem Ziel, das Preisniveau zu stabilisieren. Bei allerdings anhaltend hohen Inflationsraten mündete diese Politik in einer realen Aufwertung der inländischen Währungen und in einem Anstieg der Leistungsbilanzdefizite.
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Regional structural policy in an enlarged EU: A reform proposal
Hubert Gabrisch, Joachim Ragnitz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 6,
2001
Abstract
Recently, the EC-Commission has presented its ideas for future cohesion policies after the enlargement of the EU by Eastern European states. By applying the actual rules in an enlarged EU, financial aid would be concentrated in the East European countries. In this article it is argued that the criteria for success to the structural funds should not be altered, but that there should be a phasing out of aid for the regions in Western Europe. Additionally, funding under the cohesion fund and the objective 2- and objective-3-shemes should be terminated to get enough financial means to finance objective-1-programmes.
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