Ein Jahr nach der EU-Osterweiterung - Erste Erfahrungen, Probleme, Aussichten
Herbert S. Buscher, Heiko Stüber
Zukunftsforum Politik Nr. 67,
2005
Abstract
The paper investigates possible employment effects of the EU-enlargement one year later. Special emphasis is put on the border regions to Poland and the Czeck Republic. Besides of legal restrictions the paper analyzes the possibilities of foreigners to work in Germany and to what extent these special regulations have been used. First preliminary results indicate that there are no large employment effects across both sides of the border. The paper concludes with a discussion of intended measures to protect German employees against competition from abroad.
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Analysis of statements made in favour of and against the adoption of competition law in developing and transition economies
Johannes Stephan, Franz Kronthaler, Frank Emmert
One-off Publications,
No. 9,
2005
Abstract
The paper is concerned with documenting and assessing statements made by policymakers, opinion formers, and other stakeholders in favour and against the adoption of competition laws with particular reference to transition and developing countries which have not yet enacted these kind of laws. For example, claims that competition enforcement might reduce the inflow of foreign direct investment, or that other policies are successfully used as substitutes for competition law, are assessed. In a first step, the method of generalized analysis structures the list of statements around core issues of common features to make them accessible to further interpretation and assessment. The paper shows that some claims are in fact country or region specific, and specific to the development level of the respective countries. In a second step, the core issues are assessed according to economic and legal criteria. Since the analysis focuses on transition and developing countries, the criteria for economic assessment are predominantly economic growth and development issues, but also include the economic coherency of a set of claims submitted by stakeholders in a given country. The criteria for legal assessment include whether claims are problematic in light of WTO-principles, or are even born out of a political objective which is incompatible with the spirit, if not the letter of WTO-rules.
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Distance, Lending Relationships, and Competition
Hans Degryse, Steven Ongena
Journal of Finance,
No. 1,
2005
Abstract
We study the effect on loan conditions of geographical distance between firms, the lending bank, and all other banks in the vicinity. For our study, we employ detailed contract information from more than 15,000 bank loans to small firms comprising the entire loan portfolio of a large Belgian bank. We report the first comprehensive evidence on the occurrence of spatial price discrimination in bank lending. Loan rates decrease with the distance between the firm and the lending bank and increase with the distance between the firm and competing banks. Transportation costs cause the spatial price discrimination we observe.
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East Germany in the enlarged EU: higher pressure to adjust
Hubert Gabrisch
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 15,
2004
Abstract
Wachstum und Beschäftigung fallen in Ostdeutschland weiterhin unbefriedigend aus. Durch die Osterweiterung der EU wird der Wettbewerb für ostdeutsche Produzenten und Standorte intensiver werden. Langfristig werden Fördermittel wegfallen, sodass Wettbewerbsfaktoren wie Arbeitskosten und Innovationsaktivitäten auf Industrie- und Unternehmensebene an Bedeutung gewinnen werden. Vorerst droht jedoch kein Abbruch des Aufbauprozesses durch die Osterweiterung. Erstens zeichnet sich ab, dass etwaige Kürzungen in der EU-Förderung ostdeutscher Regionen weniger stark als ursprünglich erwartet ausfallen werden. Zweitens zeigt die gesamtwirtschaftliche Lohnstückkostenentwicklung in Ostdeutschland eine eher sinkende, in den neuen EU-Mitgliedsländern zunehmende Tendenz. Drittens signalisieren die für die ostdeutschen Industrieprodukte erzielten Absatzpreise Qualitäts- und Technologievorsprünge gegenüber den Industrien der Beitrittsländer. Diese Vorsprünge erschließen sich nicht bei einer gesamtwirtschaftlichen, sondern industriespezifischen Betrachtung. Diese macht auch deutlich, dass in vielen Industriezweigen Kosten- und Qualitätsanpassungen weiterhin notwendig sind. Das eigentliche Problem der ostdeutschen Wirtschaft ist aber ihre starke Abhängigkeit von der Nachfragedynamik der westdeutschen Wirtschaft. Solange dort keine nachhaltige und starke Belebung eintritt, kann auch in Ostdeutschland kaum beschäftigungswirksames Wirtschaftswachstum erwartet werden.
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East German construction firms on the average with small profits
Brigitte Loose, Udo Ludwig
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 14,
2004
Abstract
The article is concerned with the cost and revenue situation in East and West German construction firms from the early 90´s onwards. As a result of the construction boom the East German firms could reduce the unit labour costs in the middle of the nineties under the corresponding western level. However, in the second half of the nineties they lost their advantage due to extremely decreasing productivity and rising unit labour costs. Nonetheless, on the average they earned profits, but in the observed last two years 2001 and 2002 the rate of return in the East remains smaller than in the West.
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Progress reports from the project "Productivity Gap"
Johannes Stephan
One-off Publications,
No. 3,
2004
Abstract
The project assesses the roles played by determinants of productivity gaps between Accession Countries in Central East Europe and the more advanced countries in Western Europe. The focus is on the respective weights of determinants and their influence on the potentials for future productivity catch-up.
The convenient feature about assessing productivity levels is that they inform us about the narrowing or divergence of income gaps, provide an indication of international competitiveness, and the sustainability of growth paths (technological development).
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Flexible utilization of labor strengthens industrial enterprises´ ability to adapt to fluctuations in business - an empirical east-west comparison based on the IAB company panel
Brigitte Loose, Udo Ludwig
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2004
Abstract
Based on an individual data set, this article investigates the question of which conventional methods and new instruments companies use to adapt to fluctuations in business and what distinguishes these companies from other ones which have not implemented such instruments. In particular, the role of the technical equipment as well as the personnel policy and tariff policy are analyzed. An empirical comparison between the East and West German manufacturing industries demonstrates whether East German firms have competitive advantages. While the technological conditions for firms´ flexibility are somewhat less pronounced in East German, the proportion of “standardized“ and flexible employment is nearly the same in the East-West comparison. Differences exist among small, middle-sized and large firms as well as among types of yield. The weak orientation with respect to agreed wages and hours worked as well as the mainly gratuitous reduction of unpaid overtime which can be implemented over the whole year, prove to be an advantage. The investigation is based on a data set from the IAB company panel of manufacturing industries in 2003.
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Almost twice as many unemployed per vacancy in the East than in the West
Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 11,
2004
Abstract
The article describes the current situation in the East German labour market. This labour market has been increasingly in disequilibrium. More than 2 million competitive jobs are missing. The job gap is twice as high as the West German figure.
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The Contestable Markets Theory - Efficient Advice for Economic Policy
Christian Growitsch, Thomas Wein
External Publications,
2004
Abstract
During the nineties of the last century several formerly monopolistic markets (telecommunication, electricity, gas, and railway) have been deregulated in Germany based on European directives and theoretically inspired by the theory of contestable markets. The original contestable market theory implied three assumptions necessary to be satisfied to establish potential competition: Free market entry, market exit possible without any costs, and the price adjustment lag exceeding the entry lag. Our analysis shows that if the incumbent reduces its prices slowly (high adjustment lag) and the market entry can be performed quickly (low entry lag), a new competitor will be able to earn back sunk costs. Therefore it is not necessary that all three conditions be complied with for potential competition to exist. Applying this „revised“ contestable market theory to the deregulated sectors in Germany, natural monopolies can be identified in telecommunication sections local loops and local/regional connection networks, in the national electricity grid and the regional/local electricity distribution networks, in the national and regional/local gas transmission/distribution sections, and in the railroad network. These sections are not contestable due to sunk costs, expected high entry lags and a probably short price adjustment lag. They are identified as bottlenecks, which should be regulated. The function of system operators in energy and railroad are closely related to the non-contestable monopolistic networks.
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The influence of Vertical Integration and Property Rights on Network Access Charges in the German Electricity Markets
Christian Growitsch, Thomas Wein
External Publications,
No. 6,
2004
Abstract
German Electricity markets were deregulated in the late nineties of the last century. In contrast to other European countries, the German government enacted negotiated third party access instead of installing a regulation authority. Network access charges for new competitors are based on contractual arrangements between energy producers and industrial consumers, which specify the calculation schemes for access charges. Local and regional suppliers are nevertheless able to set (monopolistic) charges at their own discretion, restricted only by the possibility of interference competition authorities. While some of those suppliers have been acquired by one of the four Transmission System Operators and become vertically integrated, the majority is still independent public utility companies. In this paper we analyse if there is evidence for different charging behaviour depending on the supplier’s economic independence or its level of vertical integration. Controlling for other coefficients as the so called structural features and related cost differences as well as the influence of competition law suits, multivariate estimations show significantly lower access charges than vertically separated suppliers, whereas incorporated network operators charge significantly higher charges compared to independent suppliers for at least one typical case.
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