Intellectual Property Rights Policy, Competition and Innovation
Daron Acemoglu, Ufuk Akcigit
Journal of the European Economic Association,
Nr. 1,
2012
Abstract
To what extent and in what form should the intellectual property rights (IPR) of innovators be protected? Should a company with a large technology lead over its rivals receive the same IPR protection as a company with a more limited advantage? In this paper, we develop a dynamic framework for the study of the interactions between IPR and competition, in particular to understand the impact of such policies on future incentives. The economy consists of many industries and firms engaged in cumulative (step-by-step) innovation. IPR policy regulates whether followers in an industry can copy the technology of the leader. We prove the existence of a steady-state equilibrium and characterize some of its properties. We then quantitatively investigate the implications of different types of IPR policy on the equilibrium growth rate and welfare. The most important result from this exercise is that full patent protection is not optimal; instead, optimal policy involves state-dependent IPR protection, providing greater protection to technology leaders that are further ahead than those that are close to their followers. This is because of a trickle-down effect: providing greater protection to firms that are further ahead of their followers than a certain threshold increases the R&D incentives also for all technology leaders that are less advanced than this threshold.
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The Schumpeterian Growth Paradigm
Philippe Aghion, Ufuk Akcigit, Peter Howitt
Annual Review of Economics,
2015
Abstract
In this review, we argue that the Schumpeterian growth paradigm, which models growth as resulting from innovations involving creative destruction, sheds light on several aspects of the growth process that cannot be properly addressed by alternative theories. We focus on three important aspects for which Schumpeterian growth theory delivers predictions that distinguish it from other growth models, namely, (a) the role of competition and market structure, (b) firm dynamics, and (c) the relationship between growth and development.
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Economic Growth: The Past, the Present, and the Future
Ufuk Akcigit
Journal of Political Economy,
Nr. 6,
2017
Abstract
“Is there some action a government of India could take that would lead the Indian economy to grow like Indonesia’s or Egypt’s? If so, what, exactly? If not, what is it about the ‘nature of India’ that makes it so? The consequences for human welfare involved in questions like these are simply staggering: Once one starts to think about them, it is hard to think about anything else. (Lucas 1988, 5)”
These words by the Nobel laureate Chicago economist Robert Lucas Jr. summarize why so many great scholars found it hard to “think about anything else” and spent their careers trying to understand the process of economic growth. Economies are complex systems resulting from the actions of many actors. This complexity makes it challenging, but also infinitely interesting, to understand the determinants of economic growth. What are the roles of human capital, fertility, ideas, basic science, and public policy for growth? These are just some of the important questions that were posed by many highly influential studies featured in the issues of the Journal of Political Economy over the years. Indeed, this journal has been the platform to diffuse many of the brilliant ideas and start important debates in the field of economic growth. In this short paper, my goal is to revisit some of those seminal papers, briefly describe some of the more recent contributions, and end with some thoughts about the future direction of the field. The reader should note in advance that the list of work covered here is by no means exhaustive and mostly targets work that has been featured in issues of the JPE.
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Immigration and the Rise of American Ingenuity
Ufuk Akcigit, John Grigsby, Tom Nicholas
American Economic Review,
Nr. 5,
2017
Abstract
We build on the analysis in Akcigit, Grigsby, and Nicholas (2017) by using US patent and census data to examine the relationship between immigration and innovation. We construct a measure of foreign born expertise and show that technology areas where immigrant inventors were prevalent between 1880 and 1940 experienced more patenting and citations between 1940 and 2000. The contribution of immigrant inventors to US innovation was substantial. We also show that immigrant inventors were more productive than native born inventors; however, they received significantly lower levels of labor income. The immigrant inventor wage-gap cannot be explained by differentials in productivity.
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Growth through Heterogeneous Innovations
Ufuk Akcigit, William R. Kerr
Journal of Political Economy,
Nr. 4,
2018
Abstract
We build a tractable growth model in which multiproduct incumbents invest in internal innovations to improve their existing products, while new entrants and incumbents invest in external innovations to acquire new product lines. External and internal innovations generate heterogeneous innovation qualities, and firm size affects innovation incentives. We analyze how different types of innovation contribute to economic growth and the role of the firm size distribution. Our model aligns with many observed empirical regularities, and we quantify our framework with Census Bureau and patent data for US firms. Internal innovation scales moderately faster with firm size than external innovation.
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On the Returns to Invention within Firms: Evidence from Finland
Philippe Aghion, Ufuk Akcigit, Ari Hyytinen, Otto Toivanen
American Economic Association Papers and Proceedings,
2018
Abstract
In this paper we merge individual income data, firm-level data, patenting data, and IQ data in Finland over the period 1988–2012 to analyze the returns to invention for inventors and their coworkers or stakeholders within the same firm. We find that: (i) inventors collect only 8 percent of the total private return from invention; (ii) entrepreneurs get over 44 percent of the total gains; (iii) bluecollar workers get about 26 percent of the gains and the rest goes to white-collar workers. Moreover, entrepreneurs start with significant negative returns prior to the patent application, but their returns subsequently become highly positive.
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Innovation and Top Income Inequality
Philippe Aghion, Ufuk Akcigit, Antonin Bergeaud, Richard Blundell, David Hemous
Review of Economic Studies,
Nr. 1,
2019
Abstract
In this article, we use cross-state panel and cross-U.S. commuting-zone data to look at the relationship between innovation, top income inequality and social mobility. We find positive correlations between measures of innovation and top income inequality. We also show that the correlations between innovation and broad measures of inequality are not significant. Next, using instrumental variable analysis, we argue that these correlations at least partly reflect a causality from innovation to top income shares. Finally, we show that innovation, particularly by new entrants, is positively associated with social mobility, but less so in local areas with more intense lobbying activities.
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Industrielle Kerne in Ostdeutschland und ihre Interaktion mit dem regionalen Umfeld – vier Fallbeispiele
Gerhard Heimpold
List Forum für Wirtschafts- und Finanzpolitik,
Nr. 2,
2019
Abstract
Der Beitrag hat die Entwicklung ausgewählter industrieller Kerne in Ostdeutschland seit 1990 zum Gegenstand. Bei den industriellen Kernen handelte es sich um ehemalige volkseigene Betriebe, die die Treuhandanstalt als sanierungsfähig ansah, für die sich jedoch kurzfristig keine Käufer fanden. Anhand von vier Fallbeispielen wird deren Entwicklung vor und nach der Privatisierung nachgezeichnet und dabei besonderer Wert auf die Wechselwirkungen mit dem regionalen Umfeld gelegt. Alle vier Kernunternehmen existieren fort und stellen marktgängige Produkte und Leistungen her. Die Intensität der Interaktion mit dem regionalen Umfeld fällt allerdings unterschiedlich aus. In allen vier untersuchten Kernen gab es Ausgründungen von Einheiten, die früher zu den Kombinaten gehörten. Neuansiedlungen gab es ebenfalls in allen Fällen. Teils wurden neue Investoren aufgrund eigener „strukturpolitischer“ Aktivitäten der Kern-Unternehmen attrahiert. Teils handelte es sich um Ko-Lokationen, die mit der Standortqualität des regionalen Umfelds zusammenhängen. Im Rahmen der Fallbeispiele waren offenbar positive Wirkungen des regionalen Umfelds bei jenen Kern-Unternehmen besonders günstig, die in urbanen Räumen gelegen sind.
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Big Fish in Small Banking Ponds? Cost Advantages and Foreign Affiliate Presences
Michael Koetter, Rients Galema
Journal of International Money and Finance,
2018
Abstract
We distinguish cost advantage at home from cost advantage vis-à-vis incumbent banks in destination markets to explain the probability of foreign bank affiliate lending. We combine detailed affiliate lending data of all German banks with public bank micro data from 59 destination markets. The likelihood to operate foreign affiliates depends positively on both types of cost advantage. Only cost advantage at home is economically significant. Generally, risk, return, and unobservable bank traits explain a larger share of the variation in foreign affiliate operations. Less profitable, more risky, and larger banks are more likely to operate affiliates abroad.
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Mikroökonometrische Evaluation und das Selektionsproblem – Ein anwendungsorientierter Überblick über nichtparametrische Lösungsverfahren
Eva Reinowski
Zeitschrift für Evaluation 2,
Nr. 2,
2006
Abstract
Die Anwendung von Evaluationsverfahren zur Beurteilung unterschiedlicher Handlungsalternativen gewinnt in verschiedenen Forschungsfeldern zunehmend an Bedeutung. Von den zur Lösung des dabei auftretenden Selektionsproblems entwickelten Verfahren haben insbesondere die nichtparametrischen große Bedeutung in der empirischen Anwendung erlangt. In diesem Beitrag wird ein Überblick über diese Verfahren gegeben, wobei die bisher bestehende Lücke zwischen einführenden Texten und der weiterführenden, eher formalen Literatur geschlossen werden soll. Dazu werden die Vor- und Nachteile der Verfahren, die nötigen Annahmen sowie die Anforderungen an die Datenbasis erläutert. Aus der Darstellung wird ersichtlich, dass für die empirische Anwendung keine Methode zur Lösung des Selektionsproblems den anderen generell überlegen ist. Alle Ansätze beruhen auf bestimmten Grundannahmen, und jeder Schätzer ist verzerrt, wenn die zur Verfügung stehende Datenbasis nicht zu diesen Annahmen passt.
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