Im Dezember stieg die Zahl der Insolvenzen von Personen- und Kapitalgesellschaften in Deutschland auf 879.
Die Zahl der Insolvenzen von Personen- und Kapitalgesellschaften ist im Dezember im Vergleich zu den beiden Vormonaten weiter angestiegen, zeigt die aktuelle Analyse des Leibniz-Instituts für Wirtschaftsforschung Halle (IWH). Dennoch war das Jahr 2022 insgesamt von niedrigen Insolvenzzahlen geprägt.
Die hohen Energiepreise und die Verschlechterung des Finanzierungsumfelds belasten die deutsche Konjunktur. Allerdings dürfte die Schwächephase über den Winter moderat ausfallen, auch weil die Energiepreisbremsen die privaten Einkommen stützen. Das Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung Halle (IWH) prognostiziert, dass das Bruttoinlandsprodukt im Jahr 2022 aufgrund der Erholung von der Pandemie in den ersten drei Quartalen um 1,8% zugenommen haben, den Winter über aber leicht sinken und im Jahr 2023 insgesamt stagnieren dürfte (Ostdeutschland: 1,8% und 0,2%). Die Inflation geht nach 7,8% im Jahr 2022 auf 6,5% im Jahr 2023 zurück.
Mit rund 40 Milliarden Euro unterstützt der Bund drei große Braunkohlereviere und weitere zehn Regionen mit Steinkohlekraftwerken, die den Ausstieg aus der Kohleverstromung verkraften müssen. Wird das Geld sinnvoll genutzt? Das untersuchen die beiden Leibniz-Institute für Wirtschaftsforschung in Halle und Essen, IWH und RWI, in einer großen Evaluierung.
Die Zahl der Insolvenzen von Personen- und Kapitalgesellschaften ist im November im Vergleich zum Vormonat leicht angestiegen, zeigt die aktuelle Analyse des Leibniz-Instituts für Wirtschaftsforschung Halle (IWH). Damit verharrt das Insolvenzgeschehen jedoch vorerst weiter auf niedrigem Niveau.
Die Zahl der Insolvenzen von Personen- und Kapitalgesellschaften lag laut IWH-Insolvenztrend im Dezember bei 879. Das ist der höchste Wert des Jahres 2022. Trotz des Anstiegs liegen die jüngsten Insolvenzzahlen unter dem langjährigen Mittelwert: Im Durchschnitt der Jahre 2015 bis 2019 gab es laut amtlicher Statistik im Dezember 968 Insolvenzen (Stand: 2. Januar 2023).
In den größten 10% der Unternehmen, deren Insolvenz im Dezember gemeldet wurde, waren knapp 9.000 Jobs betroffen. Die Zahl der betroffenen Beschäftigten liegt damit erneut deutlich über dem Niveau der letzten zwölf Monate (Stand: 2. Januar 2023).
Im Jahr 2022 dürfte das Bruttoinlandsprodukt aufgrund der Erholung von der Pandemie in den ersten drei Quartalen um 1,8% zugenommen haben, den Winter über wegen der hohen Energiepreise leicht sinken und im Jahr 2023 insgesamt stagnieren. Die Inflation geht nach 7,8% im Jahr 2022 auf 6,5% im Jahr 2023 zurück. Quellen: Statistisches Bundesamt; ab 2022: Prognose des IWH. Datenstand: 20.12.2022.
Heute gehen die Deutschen im Schnitt zwei Jahre später in Rente als vor zwanzig Jahren, leben aber auch zwei Jahre länger. Seit einigen Jahren steigt zudem die Zahl der Neurentner. Quellen: Statistisches Bundesamt; Berechnungen und Darstellung des IWH.
Die Abbildung zeigt eine Projektion der Ausgaben für Beamtenpensionen bis zum Jahr 2080. Dargestellt ist (für zwei verschiedene Szenarien S1 und S2) der Anteil dieser Ausgaben an den Steuereinnahmen für Bund, Länder und Gemeinden in %. Dieser wird sich nicht dramatisch erhöhen – vorausgesetzt, dass mit rückläufiger Bevölkerung auch die Anzahl der Beamten reduziert wird. Quellen: Statistisches Bundesamt; Bundesministerium der Finanzen; Berechnungen und Darstellung des IWH.
Anzahl der Unternehmensgründungen pro 100 000 Einwohner (EW) für Ost- und Westdeutschland zwischen 1995 und 2018. Bis zum Jahr 2018 sank die Rate in Ost- wie in Westdeutschland um mehr als 100 Neugründungen pro 100 000 Einwohner. Quelle: Diegmann, André: Aktuelle Trends: Entwicklung der Firmengründungen in Deutschland, in: IWH, Wirtschaft im Wandel, Jg. 26 (1), 2020, 4.
Veränderung der Unternehmensgründungen pro 100 000 Einwohner zwischen 2000 und 2018. Je dunkler die Farbe, desto größer der Rückgang. Quelle: Diegmann, André: Aktuelle Trends: Entwicklung der Firmengründungen in Deutschland, in: IWH, Wirtschaft im Wandel, Jg. 26 (1), 2020, 4.
1/3: Circa 600 000 Jobs wären indirekt durch einen harten Brexit gefährdet, davon etwa 100 000 in Deutschland. Quelle: Brautzsch, Hans-Ulrich, Holtemöller, Oliver: Potential International Employment Effects of a Hard Brexit. IWH-Diskussionspapiere, Nr. 4, 2019. Halle (Saale) 2019.
2/3: Die Beschäftigungsraten von Malta und Irland wären besonders stark getroffen. Quelle: Brautzsch, Hans-Ulrich, Holtemöller, Oliver: Potential International Employment Effects of a Hard Brexit. IWH-Diskussionspapiere, Nr. 4, 2019. Halle (Saale) 2019.
3/3: Landkreise, in denen Autos und Autoteile produziert werden (Wolfsburg, Dingolfing-Landau), wären besonders stark betroffen.
Im Krisenjahr 2009 lag die Nichtbesetzungsquote lediglich bei etwa 16%. Bis zum Jahr 2018 hat sie sich deutlich mehr als verdoppelt. Dabei sind Höhe und Entwicklung der Nichtbesetzungsquote in Ostdeutschland und Westdeutschland ähnlich. Quelle: Steffen Müller, Aktuelle Trends: Fachkräftemangel hat in den letzten zehn Jahren in Ost und West stark zugenommen, in: IWH, Wirtschaft im Wandel — Jg. 25 (3), 2019, 48.
Beim Vergleich der Wirtschaftskraft deutscher Regionen vor den politischen Umbrüchen des 20. Jahrhunderts zeigt sich: Aus historischer Sicht sehen manche Tendenzen, etwa der Berlin-Boom und die höhere Wachstumsdynamik in Sachsen, wie eine Normalisierung aus, die sich mit einiger Wahrscheinlichkeit auch fortsetzen dürfte. Quelle: Axel Lindner: Zur Wirtschaftskraft deutscher Regionen aus langfristiger Perspektive: Alte Muster werden in Ostdeutschland langsam wieder sichtbar, in: IWH, Wirtschaft im Wandel — Jg. 25 (3), 2019, 49.
In Westdeutschland kam es in denjenigen Betrieben, die die vergleichsweise geringsten Löhne zahlen (hier 10. Perzentil), im gesamten Betrachtungszeitraum zu Lohneinbußen. Am aktuellen Rand liegen die Einbußen bei etwa 2% im Vergleich zu 1997, während die Löhne am Median leicht gestiegen sind. In Ostdeutschland verlief die Entwicklung vor allem seit 2013 deutlich positiver. Am aktuellen Rand sind im Osten für alle Perzentile deutliche Lohnzuwächse zu beobachten, am Median etwa 10%.
Ein Investment von 1000 Euro, angelegt am 1. Juli 1988, dem Eröffnungstag des DAX, wäre heute über 6000 Euro wert, hätte sich also versechsfacht. Der DAX hat demnachlangfristig alle anderen Anlage- und Sparoptionen übertroffen, die bei deutschen Haushalten üblich sind (Bundesanleihen, Wohnimmobilien, Sparkonten). Quelle: Gropp, Reint E.: Kommentar: 30 Jahre DAX, in: IWH, Wirtschaft im Wandel, Jg. 24 (3), 2018.
Belgien, Litauen, Polen und Slowenien haben viel Zeit bis zur Umsetzung der EU-Richtlinien in nationales Recht verstreichen lassen. Deutschland und Österreich haben die Richtlinien am schnellsten übernommen. Quelle: Koetter, Michael; Krause, Thomas; Tonzer, Lena: "Welche Faktoren verzögern die Umsetzung der Bankenunion?", in: IWH, Wirtschaft im Wandel, Jg. 24 (1), 2018.
1/3: Im Szenario "Inflationsausgleich" wird für jede Alterskohorte, die aus dem Erwerbsleben ausscheidet, das Rentenniveau bei 48,1% des zuletzt empfangenen Arbeitsentgelts fixiert und bleibt dann real konstant, die Rentenbezüge nehmen also mit der Inflationsrate zu. Die Rentenhöhe kann hierdurch stabilisiert werden. Alle zukünftigen Generationen erhalten eine vergleichbare Absicherung. Quelle: Holtemöller, Oliver; Zeddies, Götz: Zur Stabilisierung von Rentenniveau und Rentenversicherungsbeitrag. IWH Online 2/2017. Halle (Saale) 2017.
2/3: Eine Kopplung der laufenden Renten an die Verbraucherpreise kann ein Element zur Dämpfung des Ausgabenanstiegs bei der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung infolge des demographischen Wandels sein, da die Renten nicht mehr so stark wie die Löhne steigen, sondern nur noch die Inflation ausgleichen. Quelle: Holtemöller, Oliver; Zeddies, Götz: Zur Stabilisierung von Rentenniveau und Rentenversicherungsbeitrag. IWH Online 2/2017. Halle (Saale) 2017.
3/3: Der erforderliche Beitragssatz in der Rentenversicherung im Szenario „Inflationsausgleich“ fällt deutlich niedriger aus und sinkt ab 2035 sogar wieder, während er im Szenario „Status quo“ weiter ansteigt. Durch den Inflationsausgleich kann also ein stabiles Rentenniveau bei Renteneintritt gewährleistet und gleichzeitig eine Dämpfung der Rentenausgaben erreicht werden, wenn die Bevölkerung altert. Quelle: Holtemöller, Oliver; Zeddies, Götz: Zur Stabilisierung von Rentenniveau und Rentenversicherungsbeitrag. IWH Online 2/2017. Halle (Saale) 2017.
in: Journal of Accounting and Economics, im Erscheinen
The regulation that caps executives’ variable compensation, as part of the Capital Requirements Directive IV of 2013, likely affected executive turnover, compensation design, and risk-taking in EU banking. The current study identifies significantly higher average turnover rates but also finds that they are driven by CEOs at poorly performing banks. Banks indemnified their executives by off-setting the bonus cap with higher fixed compensation. Although our evidence is only suggestive, we do not find any reduction in risk-taking at the bank level, one purported aim of the regulation.
in: Management Science, im Erscheinen
Using a supervised machine learning framework on a large training set of questions and answers, we identify 1,364 trigrams that signal nonanswers in earnings call questions and answers (Q&A). We show that this glossary has economic relevance by applying it to contemporaneous stock market reactions after earnings calls. Our findings suggest that obstructing the flow of information leads to significantly lower cumulative abnormal stock returns and higher implied volatility. As both our method and glossary are free of financial context, we believe that the measure is applicable to other fields with a Q&A setup outside the contextual domain of financial earnings conference calls.
in: Emerging Markets Review, im Erscheinen
This paper studies the impact of household indebtedness on the transmission of monetary policy to consumption using the Chinese household-level survey data. We employ a panel smooth transition regression model to investigate the non-linear role of indebtedness. We find that housing-related indebtedness weakens the monetary policy transmission, and this effect is non-linear as there is a much larger counteraction of consumption in response to monetary policy shocks when household indebtedness increases from a low level rather than from a high level. Moreover, the weakened monetary policy transmission from indebtedness is stronger in urban households than in rural households. This can be explained by the investment good characteristic of real estate in China.
in: Review of Corporate Finance Studies, im Erscheinen
How do firms invest when financial constraints are relaxed? We document that firms affected by a large positive credit supply shock predominantly increase borrowing for transaction-based purposes. These treated firms have larger asset and employment growth rates; however, growth entirely stems from the increased takeover activity. Announcement returns indicate a low quality of the credit-supply-induced takeover activity. These results offer the possibility that credit-driven growth can simply reflect redistribution, rather than net gains in assets or employment.
in: Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, im Erscheinen
We study how banks use “regulatory adjustments” to inflate their regulatory capital ratios and whether this depends on forbearance on the part of national authorities. Using the 2011 EBA capital exercise as a quasi-natural experiment, we find that banks substantially inflated their levels of regulatory capital via a reduction in regulatory adjustments — without a commensurate increase in book equity and without a reduction in bank risk. We document substantial heterogeneity in regulatory capital inflation across countries, suggesting that national authorities forbear their domestic banks to meet supranational requirements, with a focus on short-term economic considerations.
in: Journal of International Economics, im Erscheinen
Capital inflow surges destabilize the economy through a maturity shortening mechanism. The underlying reason is that firms have incentives to redeem their debt on demand to accommodate the potential liquidity needs of global investors, which makes international borrowing endogenously fragile. Based on a theoretical model and empirical evidence at both the firm and macro levels, our main findings are twofold. First, a significant association exists between surges and shortened corporate debt maturity, especially for firms with foreign bank relationships and higher redeployability. Second, the probability of a crisis following surges with a flattened yield curve is significantly higher than that following surges without one. Our study suggests that debt maturity is the key to understand the financial instability consequences of capital inflow bonanzas.
in: Journal of International Economics, im Erscheinen
This study provides firm-level evidence on the effect of capital account liberalization on total factor productivity (TFP) growth. We find that a one standard deviation increase in the capital account openness indicator constructed by Fernández et al. (2016) is significantly associated with a 0.18 standard deviation increase in firms’ TFP growth rates. The productivity-enhancing effects are stronger for sectors with higher external finance dependence and capital-skill complementarity, and are persistent five years after liberalization. Moreover, we show that potential transmission mechanisms include improved financing conditions, greater skilled labor utilization, and technology upgrades. Finally, we document heterogeneous effects across firm size and tradability, and threshold effects with respect to the country's institutional quality.
in: Journal of the European Economic Association, im Erscheinen
This paper derives a European Herfindahl–Hirschman concentration index from 15 micro-aggregated country datasets. In the last decade, European concentration rose due to a reallocation of economic activity toward large and concentrated industries. Over the same period, productivity gains from an increasing allocative efficiency of the European market accounted for 50% of European productivity growth while markups stayed constant. Using country-industry variation, we show that changes in concentration are positively associated with changes in productivity and allocative efficiency. This holds across most sectors and countries and supports the notion that rising concentration in Europe reflects a more efficient market environment rather than weak competition and rising market power.
in: Defence and Peace Economics, im Erscheinen
We investigate the long-term relationship between conflict-related migration and individual socioeconomic inequality. Looking at the post-conflict environment of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), a former Yugoslav state most heavily impacted by the wars of the early 1990s, the paper focuses on differences in educational performance and income between four groups: migrants, internally displaced persons, former external migrants, and those who did not move. The analysis leverages a municipality-representative survey (n ≈ 6,000) that captured self-reported education and income outcomes as well as migration histories. We find that individuals with greater exposure to conflict had systematically worse educational performance and lower earnings two decades after the war. Former external migrants now living in BiH have better educational and economic outcomes than those who did not migrate, but these advantages are smaller for external migrants who were forced to move. We recommend that policies intended to address migration-related discrepancies should be targeted on the basis of individual and family experiences caused by conflict.
in: Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, im Erscheinen
Do lenders securitize or price loans in response to credit risk? Exploiting exogenous variation in regional credit risk due to foreclosure law differences along US state borders, we find that lenders securitize mortgages that are eligible for sale to the Government Sponsored Enterprises (GSEs) rather than price regional credit risk. For non-GSE-eligible mortgages with no GSE buyback provision, lenders increase interest rates as they are unable to shift credit risk to loan purchasers. The results inform the debate surrounding the GSEs' buyback provisions, the constant interest rate policy, and show that underpricing regional credit risk increases the GSEs' debt holdings.
in: Journal of Accounting and Economics, im Erscheinen
The regulation that caps executives’ variable compensation, as part of the Capital Requirements Directive IV of 2013, likely affected executive turnover, compensation design, and risk-taking in EU banking. The current study identifies significantly higher average turnover rates but also finds that they are driven by CEOs at poorly performing banks. Banks indemnified their executives by off-setting the bonus cap with higher fixed compensation. Although our evidence is only suggestive, we do not find any reduction in risk-taking at the bank level, one purported aim of the regulation.
in: Management Science, im Erscheinen
Using a supervised machine learning framework on a large training set of questions and answers, we identify 1,364 trigrams that signal nonanswers in earnings call questions and answers (Q&A). We show that this glossary has economic relevance by applying it to contemporaneous stock market reactions after earnings calls. Our findings suggest that obstructing the flow of information leads to significantly lower cumulative abnormal stock returns and higher implied volatility. As both our method and glossary are free of financial context, we believe that the measure is applicable to other fields with a Q&A setup outside the contextual domain of financial earnings conference calls.
in: Emerging Markets Review, im Erscheinen
This paper studies the impact of household indebtedness on the transmission of monetary policy to consumption using the Chinese household-level survey data. We employ a panel smooth transition regression model to investigate the non-linear role of indebtedness. We find that housing-related indebtedness weakens the monetary policy transmission, and this effect is non-linear as there is a much larger counteraction of consumption in response to monetary policy shocks when household indebtedness increases from a low level rather than from a high level. Moreover, the weakened monetary policy transmission from indebtedness is stronger in urban households than in rural households. This can be explained by the investment good characteristic of real estate in China.
in: Review of Corporate Finance Studies, im Erscheinen
How do firms invest when financial constraints are relaxed? We document that firms affected by a large positive credit supply shock predominantly increase borrowing for transaction-based purposes. These treated firms have larger asset and employment growth rates; however, growth entirely stems from the increased takeover activity. Announcement returns indicate a low quality of the credit-supply-induced takeover activity. These results offer the possibility that credit-driven growth can simply reflect redistribution, rather than net gains in assets or employment.
in: Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, im Erscheinen
We study how banks use “regulatory adjustments” to inflate their regulatory capital ratios and whether this depends on forbearance on the part of national authorities. Using the 2011 EBA capital exercise as a quasi-natural experiment, we find that banks substantially inflated their levels of regulatory capital via a reduction in regulatory adjustments — without a commensurate increase in book equity and without a reduction in bank risk. We document substantial heterogeneity in regulatory capital inflation across countries, suggesting that national authorities forbear their domestic banks to meet supranational requirements, with a focus on short-term economic considerations.
in: Journal of International Economics, im Erscheinen
Capital inflow surges destabilize the economy through a maturity shortening mechanism. The underlying reason is that firms have incentives to redeem their debt on demand to accommodate the potential liquidity needs of global investors, which makes international borrowing endogenously fragile. Based on a theoretical model and empirical evidence at both the firm and macro levels, our main findings are twofold. First, a significant association exists between surges and shortened corporate debt maturity, especially for firms with foreign bank relationships and higher redeployability. Second, the probability of a crisis following surges with a flattened yield curve is significantly higher than that following surges without one. Our study suggests that debt maturity is the key to understand the financial instability consequences of capital inflow bonanzas.
in: Journal of International Economics, im Erscheinen
This study provides firm-level evidence on the effect of capital account liberalization on total factor productivity (TFP) growth. We find that a one standard deviation increase in the capital account openness indicator constructed by Fernández et al. (2016) is significantly associated with a 0.18 standard deviation increase in firms’ TFP growth rates. The productivity-enhancing effects are stronger for sectors with higher external finance dependence and capital-skill complementarity, and are persistent five years after liberalization. Moreover, we show that potential transmission mechanisms include improved financing conditions, greater skilled labor utilization, and technology upgrades. Finally, we document heterogeneous effects across firm size and tradability, and threshold effects with respect to the country's institutional quality.
in: Journal of the European Economic Association, im Erscheinen
This paper derives a European Herfindahl–Hirschman concentration index from 15 micro-aggregated country datasets. In the last decade, European concentration rose due to a reallocation of economic activity toward large and concentrated industries. Over the same period, productivity gains from an increasing allocative efficiency of the European market accounted for 50% of European productivity growth while markups stayed constant. Using country-industry variation, we show that changes in concentration are positively associated with changes in productivity and allocative efficiency. This holds across most sectors and countries and supports the notion that rising concentration in Europe reflects a more efficient market environment rather than weak competition and rising market power.
in: Defence and Peace Economics, im Erscheinen
We investigate the long-term relationship between conflict-related migration and individual socioeconomic inequality. Looking at the post-conflict environment of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), a former Yugoslav state most heavily impacted by the wars of the early 1990s, the paper focuses on differences in educational performance and income between four groups: migrants, internally displaced persons, former external migrants, and those who did not move. The analysis leverages a municipality-representative survey (n ≈ 6,000) that captured self-reported education and income outcomes as well as migration histories. We find that individuals with greater exposure to conflict had systematically worse educational performance and lower earnings two decades after the war. Former external migrants now living in BiH have better educational and economic outcomes than those who did not migrate, but these advantages are smaller for external migrants who were forced to move. We recommend that policies intended to address migration-related discrepancies should be targeted on the basis of individual and family experiences caused by conflict.
in: Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, im Erscheinen
Do lenders securitize or price loans in response to credit risk? Exploiting exogenous variation in regional credit risk due to foreclosure law differences along US state borders, we find that lenders securitize mortgages that are eligible for sale to the Government Sponsored Enterprises (GSEs) rather than price regional credit risk. For non-GSE-eligible mortgages with no GSE buyback provision, lenders increase interest rates as they are unable to shift credit risk to loan purchasers. The results inform the debate surrounding the GSEs' buyback provisions, the constant interest rate policy, and show that underpricing regional credit risk increases the GSEs' debt holdings.
Die Zahl der Insolvenzen von Personen- und Kapitalgesellschaften lag laut IWH-Insolvenztrend im Dezember bei 879. Das ist der höchste Wert des Jahres 2022. Trotz des Anstiegs liegen die jüngsten Insolvenzzahlen unter dem langjährigen Mittelwert: Im Durchschnitt der Jahre 2015 bis 2019 gab es laut amtlicher Statistik im Dezember 968 Insolvenzen (Stand: 2. Januar 2023).
In den größten 10% der Unternehmen, deren Insolvenz im Dezember gemeldet wurde, waren knapp 9.000 Jobs betroffen. Die Zahl der betroffenen Beschäftigten liegt damit erneut deutlich über dem Niveau der letzten zwölf Monate (Stand: 2. Januar 2023).
Im Jahr 2022 dürfte das Bruttoinlandsprodukt aufgrund der Erholung von der Pandemie in den ersten drei Quartalen um 1,8% zugenommen haben, den Winter über wegen der hohen Energiepreise leicht sinken und im Jahr 2023 insgesamt stagnieren. Die Inflation geht nach 7,8% im Jahr 2022 auf 6,5% im Jahr 2023 zurück. Quellen: Statistisches Bundesamt; ab 2022: Prognose des IWH. Datenstand: 20.12.2022.
Heute gehen die Deutschen im Schnitt zwei Jahre später in Rente als vor zwanzig Jahren, leben aber auch zwei Jahre länger. Seit einigen Jahren steigt zudem die Zahl der Neurentner. Quellen: Statistisches Bundesamt; Berechnungen und Darstellung des IWH.
Die Abbildung zeigt eine Projektion der Ausgaben für Beamtenpensionen bis zum Jahr 2080. Dargestellt ist (für zwei verschiedene Szenarien S1 und S2) der Anteil dieser Ausgaben an den Steuereinnahmen für Bund, Länder und Gemeinden in %. Dieser wird sich nicht dramatisch erhöhen – vorausgesetzt, dass mit rückläufiger Bevölkerung auch die Anzahl der Beamten reduziert wird. Quellen: Statistisches Bundesamt; Bundesministerium der Finanzen; Berechnungen und Darstellung des IWH.
Anzahl der Unternehmensgründungen pro 100 000 Einwohner (EW) für Ost- und Westdeutschland zwischen 1995 und 2018. Bis zum Jahr 2018 sank die Rate in Ost- wie in Westdeutschland um mehr als 100 Neugründungen pro 100 000 Einwohner. Quelle: Diegmann, André: Aktuelle Trends: Entwicklung der Firmengründungen in Deutschland, in: IWH, Wirtschaft im Wandel, Jg. 26 (1), 2020, 4.
Veränderung der Unternehmensgründungen pro 100 000 Einwohner zwischen 2000 und 2018. Je dunkler die Farbe, desto größer der Rückgang. Quelle: Diegmann, André: Aktuelle Trends: Entwicklung der Firmengründungen in Deutschland, in: IWH, Wirtschaft im Wandel, Jg. 26 (1), 2020, 4.
1/3: Circa 600 000 Jobs wären indirekt durch einen harten Brexit gefährdet, davon etwa 100 000 in Deutschland. Quelle: Brautzsch, Hans-Ulrich, Holtemöller, Oliver: Potential International Employment Effects of a Hard Brexit. IWH-Diskussionspapiere, Nr. 4, 2019. Halle (Saale) 2019.
2/3: Die Beschäftigungsraten von Malta und Irland wären besonders stark getroffen. Quelle: Brautzsch, Hans-Ulrich, Holtemöller, Oliver: Potential International Employment Effects of a Hard Brexit. IWH-Diskussionspapiere, Nr. 4, 2019. Halle (Saale) 2019.
3/3: Landkreise, in denen Autos und Autoteile produziert werden (Wolfsburg, Dingolfing-Landau), wären besonders stark betroffen.
Im Krisenjahr 2009 lag die Nichtbesetzungsquote lediglich bei etwa 16%. Bis zum Jahr 2018 hat sie sich deutlich mehr als verdoppelt. Dabei sind Höhe und Entwicklung der Nichtbesetzungsquote in Ostdeutschland und Westdeutschland ähnlich. Quelle: Steffen Müller, Aktuelle Trends: Fachkräftemangel hat in den letzten zehn Jahren in Ost und West stark zugenommen, in: IWH, Wirtschaft im Wandel — Jg. 25 (3), 2019, 48.
Beim Vergleich der Wirtschaftskraft deutscher Regionen vor den politischen Umbrüchen des 20. Jahrhunderts zeigt sich: Aus historischer Sicht sehen manche Tendenzen, etwa der Berlin-Boom und die höhere Wachstumsdynamik in Sachsen, wie eine Normalisierung aus, die sich mit einiger Wahrscheinlichkeit auch fortsetzen dürfte. Quelle: Axel Lindner: Zur Wirtschaftskraft deutscher Regionen aus langfristiger Perspektive: Alte Muster werden in Ostdeutschland langsam wieder sichtbar, in: IWH, Wirtschaft im Wandel — Jg. 25 (3), 2019, 49.
In Westdeutschland kam es in denjenigen Betrieben, die die vergleichsweise geringsten Löhne zahlen (hier 10. Perzentil), im gesamten Betrachtungszeitraum zu Lohneinbußen. Am aktuellen Rand liegen die Einbußen bei etwa 2% im Vergleich zu 1997, während die Löhne am Median leicht gestiegen sind. In Ostdeutschland verlief die Entwicklung vor allem seit 2013 deutlich positiver. Am aktuellen Rand sind im Osten für alle Perzentile deutliche Lohnzuwächse zu beobachten, am Median etwa 10%.
Ein Investment von 1000 Euro, angelegt am 1. Juli 1988, dem Eröffnungstag des DAX, wäre heute über 6000 Euro wert, hätte sich also versechsfacht. Der DAX hat demnachlangfristig alle anderen Anlage- und Sparoptionen übertroffen, die bei deutschen Haushalten üblich sind (Bundesanleihen, Wohnimmobilien, Sparkonten). Quelle: Gropp, Reint E.: Kommentar: 30 Jahre DAX, in: IWH, Wirtschaft im Wandel, Jg. 24 (3), 2018.
Belgien, Litauen, Polen und Slowenien haben viel Zeit bis zur Umsetzung der EU-Richtlinien in nationales Recht verstreichen lassen. Deutschland und Österreich haben die Richtlinien am schnellsten übernommen. Quelle: Koetter, Michael; Krause, Thomas; Tonzer, Lena: "Welche Faktoren verzögern die Umsetzung der Bankenunion?", in: IWH, Wirtschaft im Wandel, Jg. 24 (1), 2018.
1/3: Im Szenario "Inflationsausgleich" wird für jede Alterskohorte, die aus dem Erwerbsleben ausscheidet, das Rentenniveau bei 48,1% des zuletzt empfangenen Arbeitsentgelts fixiert und bleibt dann real konstant, die Rentenbezüge nehmen also mit der Inflationsrate zu. Die Rentenhöhe kann hierdurch stabilisiert werden. Alle zukünftigen Generationen erhalten eine vergleichbare Absicherung. Quelle: Holtemöller, Oliver; Zeddies, Götz: Zur Stabilisierung von Rentenniveau und Rentenversicherungsbeitrag. IWH Online 2/2017. Halle (Saale) 2017.
2/3: Eine Kopplung der laufenden Renten an die Verbraucherpreise kann ein Element zur Dämpfung des Ausgabenanstiegs bei der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung infolge des demographischen Wandels sein, da die Renten nicht mehr so stark wie die Löhne steigen, sondern nur noch die Inflation ausgleichen. Quelle: Holtemöller, Oliver; Zeddies, Götz: Zur Stabilisierung von Rentenniveau und Rentenversicherungsbeitrag. IWH Online 2/2017. Halle (Saale) 2017.
3/3: Der erforderliche Beitragssatz in der Rentenversicherung im Szenario „Inflationsausgleich“ fällt deutlich niedriger aus und sinkt ab 2035 sogar wieder, während er im Szenario „Status quo“ weiter ansteigt. Durch den Inflationsausgleich kann also ein stabiles Rentenniveau bei Renteneintritt gewährleistet und gleichzeitig eine Dämpfung der Rentenausgaben erreicht werden, wenn die Bevölkerung altert. Quelle: Holtemöller, Oliver; Zeddies, Götz: Zur Stabilisierung von Rentenniveau und Rentenversicherungsbeitrag. IWH Online 2/2017. Halle (Saale) 2017.
in: Journal of Accounting and Economics, im Erscheinen
The regulation that caps executives’ variable compensation, as part of the Capital Requirements Directive IV of 2013, likely affected executive turnover, compensation design, and risk-taking in EU banking. The current study identifies significantly higher average turnover rates but also finds that they are driven by CEOs at poorly performing banks. Banks indemnified their executives by off-setting the bonus cap with higher fixed compensation. Although our evidence is only suggestive, we do not find any reduction in risk-taking at the bank level, one purported aim of the regulation.
in: Management Science, im Erscheinen
Using a supervised machine learning framework on a large training set of questions and answers, we identify 1,364 trigrams that signal nonanswers in earnings call questions and answers (Q&A). We show that this glossary has economic relevance by applying it to contemporaneous stock market reactions after earnings calls. Our findings suggest that obstructing the flow of information leads to significantly lower cumulative abnormal stock returns and higher implied volatility. As both our method and glossary are free of financial context, we believe that the measure is applicable to other fields with a Q&A setup outside the contextual domain of financial earnings conference calls.
in: Emerging Markets Review, im Erscheinen
This paper studies the impact of household indebtedness on the transmission of monetary policy to consumption using the Chinese household-level survey data. We employ a panel smooth transition regression model to investigate the non-linear role of indebtedness. We find that housing-related indebtedness weakens the monetary policy transmission, and this effect is non-linear as there is a much larger counteraction of consumption in response to monetary policy shocks when household indebtedness increases from a low level rather than from a high level. Moreover, the weakened monetary policy transmission from indebtedness is stronger in urban households than in rural households. This can be explained by the investment good characteristic of real estate in China.
in: Review of Corporate Finance Studies, im Erscheinen
How do firms invest when financial constraints are relaxed? We document that firms affected by a large positive credit supply shock predominantly increase borrowing for transaction-based purposes. These treated firms have larger asset and employment growth rates; however, growth entirely stems from the increased takeover activity. Announcement returns indicate a low quality of the credit-supply-induced takeover activity. These results offer the possibility that credit-driven growth can simply reflect redistribution, rather than net gains in assets or employment.
in: Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, im Erscheinen
We study how banks use “regulatory adjustments” to inflate their regulatory capital ratios and whether this depends on forbearance on the part of national authorities. Using the 2011 EBA capital exercise as a quasi-natural experiment, we find that banks substantially inflated their levels of regulatory capital via a reduction in regulatory adjustments — without a commensurate increase in book equity and without a reduction in bank risk. We document substantial heterogeneity in regulatory capital inflation across countries, suggesting that national authorities forbear their domestic banks to meet supranational requirements, with a focus on short-term economic considerations.
in: Journal of International Economics, im Erscheinen
Capital inflow surges destabilize the economy through a maturity shortening mechanism. The underlying reason is that firms have incentives to redeem their debt on demand to accommodate the potential liquidity needs of global investors, which makes international borrowing endogenously fragile. Based on a theoretical model and empirical evidence at both the firm and macro levels, our main findings are twofold. First, a significant association exists between surges and shortened corporate debt maturity, especially for firms with foreign bank relationships and higher redeployability. Second, the probability of a crisis following surges with a flattened yield curve is significantly higher than that following surges without one. Our study suggests that debt maturity is the key to understand the financial instability consequences of capital inflow bonanzas.
in: Journal of International Economics, im Erscheinen
This study provides firm-level evidence on the effect of capital account liberalization on total factor productivity (TFP) growth. We find that a one standard deviation increase in the capital account openness indicator constructed by Fernández et al. (2016) is significantly associated with a 0.18 standard deviation increase in firms’ TFP growth rates. The productivity-enhancing effects are stronger for sectors with higher external finance dependence and capital-skill complementarity, and are persistent five years after liberalization. Moreover, we show that potential transmission mechanisms include improved financing conditions, greater skilled labor utilization, and technology upgrades. Finally, we document heterogeneous effects across firm size and tradability, and threshold effects with respect to the country's institutional quality.
in: Journal of the European Economic Association, im Erscheinen
This paper derives a European Herfindahl–Hirschman concentration index from 15 micro-aggregated country datasets. In the last decade, European concentration rose due to a reallocation of economic activity toward large and concentrated industries. Over the same period, productivity gains from an increasing allocative efficiency of the European market accounted for 50% of European productivity growth while markups stayed constant. Using country-industry variation, we show that changes in concentration are positively associated with changes in productivity and allocative efficiency. This holds across most sectors and countries and supports the notion that rising concentration in Europe reflects a more efficient market environment rather than weak competition and rising market power.
in: Defence and Peace Economics, im Erscheinen
We investigate the long-term relationship between conflict-related migration and individual socioeconomic inequality. Looking at the post-conflict environment of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), a former Yugoslav state most heavily impacted by the wars of the early 1990s, the paper focuses on differences in educational performance and income between four groups: migrants, internally displaced persons, former external migrants, and those who did not move. The analysis leverages a municipality-representative survey (n ≈ 6,000) that captured self-reported education and income outcomes as well as migration histories. We find that individuals with greater exposure to conflict had systematically worse educational performance and lower earnings two decades after the war. Former external migrants now living in BiH have better educational and economic outcomes than those who did not migrate, but these advantages are smaller for external migrants who were forced to move. We recommend that policies intended to address migration-related discrepancies should be targeted on the basis of individual and family experiences caused by conflict.
in: Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, im Erscheinen
Do lenders securitize or price loans in response to credit risk? Exploiting exogenous variation in regional credit risk due to foreclosure law differences along US state borders, we find that lenders securitize mortgages that are eligible for sale to the Government Sponsored Enterprises (GSEs) rather than price regional credit risk. For non-GSE-eligible mortgages with no GSE buyback provision, lenders increase interest rates as they are unable to shift credit risk to loan purchasers. The results inform the debate surrounding the GSEs' buyback provisions, the constant interest rate policy, and show that underpricing regional credit risk increases the GSEs' debt holdings.
in: Journal of Accounting and Economics, im Erscheinen
The regulation that caps executives’ variable compensation, as part of the Capital Requirements Directive IV of 2013, likely affected executive turnover, compensation design, and risk-taking in EU banking. The current study identifies significantly higher average turnover rates but also finds that they are driven by CEOs at poorly performing banks. Banks indemnified their executives by off-setting the bonus cap with higher fixed compensation. Although our evidence is only suggestive, we do not find any reduction in risk-taking at the bank level, one purported aim of the regulation.
in: Management Science, im Erscheinen
Using a supervised machine learning framework on a large training set of questions and answers, we identify 1,364 trigrams that signal nonanswers in earnings call questions and answers (Q&A). We show that this glossary has economic relevance by applying it to contemporaneous stock market reactions after earnings calls. Our findings suggest that obstructing the flow of information leads to significantly lower cumulative abnormal stock returns and higher implied volatility. As both our method and glossary are free of financial context, we believe that the measure is applicable to other fields with a Q&A setup outside the contextual domain of financial earnings conference calls.
in: Emerging Markets Review, im Erscheinen
This paper studies the impact of household indebtedness on the transmission of monetary policy to consumption using the Chinese household-level survey data. We employ a panel smooth transition regression model to investigate the non-linear role of indebtedness. We find that housing-related indebtedness weakens the monetary policy transmission, and this effect is non-linear as there is a much larger counteraction of consumption in response to monetary policy shocks when household indebtedness increases from a low level rather than from a high level. Moreover, the weakened monetary policy transmission from indebtedness is stronger in urban households than in rural households. This can be explained by the investment good characteristic of real estate in China.
in: Review of Corporate Finance Studies, im Erscheinen
How do firms invest when financial constraints are relaxed? We document that firms affected by a large positive credit supply shock predominantly increase borrowing for transaction-based purposes. These treated firms have larger asset and employment growth rates; however, growth entirely stems from the increased takeover activity. Announcement returns indicate a low quality of the credit-supply-induced takeover activity. These results offer the possibility that credit-driven growth can simply reflect redistribution, rather than net gains in assets or employment.
in: Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, im Erscheinen
We study how banks use “regulatory adjustments” to inflate their regulatory capital ratios and whether this depends on forbearance on the part of national authorities. Using the 2011 EBA capital exercise as a quasi-natural experiment, we find that banks substantially inflated their levels of regulatory capital via a reduction in regulatory adjustments — without a commensurate increase in book equity and without a reduction in bank risk. We document substantial heterogeneity in regulatory capital inflation across countries, suggesting that national authorities forbear their domestic banks to meet supranational requirements, with a focus on short-term economic considerations.
in: Journal of International Economics, im Erscheinen
Capital inflow surges destabilize the economy through a maturity shortening mechanism. The underlying reason is that firms have incentives to redeem their debt on demand to accommodate the potential liquidity needs of global investors, which makes international borrowing endogenously fragile. Based on a theoretical model and empirical evidence at both the firm and macro levels, our main findings are twofold. First, a significant association exists between surges and shortened corporate debt maturity, especially for firms with foreign bank relationships and higher redeployability. Second, the probability of a crisis following surges with a flattened yield curve is significantly higher than that following surges without one. Our study suggests that debt maturity is the key to understand the financial instability consequences of capital inflow bonanzas.
in: Journal of International Economics, im Erscheinen
This study provides firm-level evidence on the effect of capital account liberalization on total factor productivity (TFP) growth. We find that a one standard deviation increase in the capital account openness indicator constructed by Fernández et al. (2016) is significantly associated with a 0.18 standard deviation increase in firms’ TFP growth rates. The productivity-enhancing effects are stronger for sectors with higher external finance dependence and capital-skill complementarity, and are persistent five years after liberalization. Moreover, we show that potential transmission mechanisms include improved financing conditions, greater skilled labor utilization, and technology upgrades. Finally, we document heterogeneous effects across firm size and tradability, and threshold effects with respect to the country's institutional quality.
in: Journal of the European Economic Association, im Erscheinen
This paper derives a European Herfindahl–Hirschman concentration index from 15 micro-aggregated country datasets. In the last decade, European concentration rose due to a reallocation of economic activity toward large and concentrated industries. Over the same period, productivity gains from an increasing allocative efficiency of the European market accounted for 50% of European productivity growth while markups stayed constant. Using country-industry variation, we show that changes in concentration are positively associated with changes in productivity and allocative efficiency. This holds across most sectors and countries and supports the notion that rising concentration in Europe reflects a more efficient market environment rather than weak competition and rising market power.
in: Defence and Peace Economics, im Erscheinen
We investigate the long-term relationship between conflict-related migration and individual socioeconomic inequality. Looking at the post-conflict environment of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), a former Yugoslav state most heavily impacted by the wars of the early 1990s, the paper focuses on differences in educational performance and income between four groups: migrants, internally displaced persons, former external migrants, and those who did not move. The analysis leverages a municipality-representative survey (n ≈ 6,000) that captured self-reported education and income outcomes as well as migration histories. We find that individuals with greater exposure to conflict had systematically worse educational performance and lower earnings two decades after the war. Former external migrants now living in BiH have better educational and economic outcomes than those who did not migrate, but these advantages are smaller for external migrants who were forced to move. We recommend that policies intended to address migration-related discrepancies should be targeted on the basis of individual and family experiences caused by conflict.
in: Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, im Erscheinen
Do lenders securitize or price loans in response to credit risk? Exploiting exogenous variation in regional credit risk due to foreclosure law differences along US state borders, we find that lenders securitize mortgages that are eligible for sale to the Government Sponsored Enterprises (GSEs) rather than price regional credit risk. For non-GSE-eligible mortgages with no GSE buyback provision, lenders increase interest rates as they are unable to shift credit risk to loan purchasers. The results inform the debate surrounding the GSEs' buyback provisions, the constant interest rate policy, and show that underpricing regional credit risk increases the GSEs' debt holdings.
Für Rückfragen stehe ich Ihnen gerne zur Verfügung.
+49 345 7753-720 Anfrage per E-Mail
