Der IWH-Workshop "Challenges to Financial Stability" findet dieses Jahr zum vierten Mal statt.
Wenn Betriebe willkürlich den Lohn kürzen, sinken Motivation und Produktivität der Beschäftigten – klar. Weniger offensichtlich hingegen: Beschäftigte werden auch dann unproduktiver, wenn nicht sie, sondern die Kolleginnen und Kollegen unfair behandelt werden. Das stellte jetzt eine Forschungsgruppe um Sabrina Jeworrek am Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung Halle (IWH) fest.
Knapp drei Jahrzehnte nach der deutschen Vereinigung unterscheiden sich die Lebensverhältnisse innerhalb Deutschlands stark, auch zwischen Stadt und Land. Wie Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft darauf reagieren sollten, diskutiert eine Veranstaltung der Expertenplattform „Demographischer Wandel in Sachsen-Anhalt“ in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung Halle (IWH).
Die Weltkonjunktur ist im Sommer 2018 immer noch recht kräftig. Die Dynamik im Euroraum hat sich aber abgeschwächt, und auch der Aufschwung in Deutschland ist ins Stocken geraten. Ausschlaggebend ist ein schwächeres Exportgeschäft. „Das Bruttoinlandsprodukt expandiert nach vorliegender Prognose im Jahr 2018 um 1,7%, und im Jahr 2019 um 1,6%. Etwa ebenso stark dürfte die Produktion in Ostdeutschland zulegen“, sagt Oliver Holtemöller, Leiter der Abteilung Makroökonomik und Vizepräsident des Leibniz-Instituts für Wirtschaftsforschung Halle (IWH).
Im Rahmen des Leibniz-Forschungsverbunds „Krisen einer globalisierten Welt“ organisiert das Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung Halle (IWH) gemeinsam mit dem ZEW, Zentrum für europäische Wirtschaftsforschung sowie dem Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWi) einen Workshop, der sich den Fragen zur Zukunft des internationalen Handels und der europäischen Integration widmet.
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Ein Investment von 1000 Euro, angelegt am 1. Juli 1988, dem Eröffnungstag des DAX, wäre heute über 6000 Euro wert, hätte sich also versechsfacht. Der DAX hat also langfristig alle anderen Anlage- und Sparoptionen übertroffen, die bei deutschen Haushalten üblich sind (Bundesanleihen, Wohnimmobilien, Sparkonten).
Der Aufschwung in Deutschland ist ins Stocken geraten, da die Exporte schwächeln. Das IWH erwartet, dass das Bruttoinlandsprodukt im Jahr 2018 um 1,7% und im Jahr 2019 um 1,6% wächst (Stand: 14.06.2018).
Die meisten Mitgliedsländer der EU haben die Richtlinien nicht innerhalb der von der Europäischen Kommission gesetzten Frist in nationale Gesetzgebung überführt. Diese Abbildung zeigt, um wie viele Monate die verschiedenen EU-Staaten die Umsetzung der Richtlinien der Europäischen Kommission hinausgezögert haben. Insbesondere Belgien, Litauen, Polen und Slowenien haben viel Zeit bis zur Umsetzung in nationales Gesetz verstreichen lassen. Deutschland und Österreich haben die Richtlinien am schnellsten übernommen. Quelle: Koetter, Michael; Krause, Thomas; Tonzer, Lena (2018). "Welche Faktoren verzögern die Umsetzung der Bankenunion?" In: Wirtschaft im Wandel — Jg. 24 (1), 2018
Die Abbildung zeigt für vier große deutsche Banken, dass deren durchschnittliche Bilanzsumme im Verlauf der Krise gesunken ist, die Banken also kleiner geworden sind. Trotzdem ist ihr Marktanteil noch immer erheblich. Auf neue Regulierungsmaßnahmen, wie die Überwachung systemisch relevanter Banken durch den einheitlichen Aufsichtsmechanismus, die Errichtung eines Abwicklungsmechanismus und die Einführung systemischer Aufschläge bezogen auf die Eigenkapitalquote reagieren die Banken mit einer erhöhten Kernkapitalquote. Diese Erhöhung findet unter anderem dadurch statt, dass die Banken ihre Verschuldungsquote herunterfahren. Quelle: Tonzer, Lena; Sondershaus, Talina: Aktuelle Trends: Große deutsche Banken werden kleiner und haben mehr Eigenkapital, in: IWH, Wirtschaft im Wandel, Jg. 23 (4), 2017, 68.
Im Vergleich zu den asiatischen „Tigerstaaten“ zeigt Polen seit 1997 einen stetigen Aufholprozess, der sich aber in den vergangenen Jahren verlangsamt hat und hinter der Entwicklungsgeschwindigkeit Koreas oder Taiwans zurückbleibt. Einige Bestandteile des „Morawiecki-Plans“ der polnischen Regierung um den Aufholprozess voranzubringen sind dazu durchaus geeignet; bisher kommt insbesondere die Innovationsorientierung noch zu kurz. Quelle: Holtemöller, Oliver; Kämpfe, Martina: Polen vor der Middle-Income-Trap? Entwicklungsplan bis 2030 soll den Aufholprozess beschleunigen, in: IWH, Wirtschaft im Wandel, Jg. 23 (4), 2017, 79-82.
Quelle: Fackler, Daniel; Hank, Eva: Einkommensverluste nach Arbeitsplatzverlusten: Kompensation vor allem durch staatliche Umverteilung. Wirtschaft im Wandel, Jg. 22 (6), 2016.
Obwohl sich bisher noch keine Auswirkungen auf die Wirtschaft belegen lassen, ist zu befürchten, dass die zunehmende Gewalt den wirtschaftlichen Aufholprozess in Ostdeutschland gefährdet. Quelle: Holtemöller, Oliver; Pohle, Felix: Aktuelle Trends: Fremdenfeindlichkeit als Standortnachteil im Osten? Besonders viele rechtsextremistisch motivierte Gewalttaten in den Neuen Ländern. Wirtschaft im Wandel, Jg. 22 (5), 2016.
Vor elf Jahren machten etwa 70% der westdeutschen Betriebe und 65% der ostdeutschen Betriebe Gewinne. Nach einem kurzen Knick um die Wirtschafts- und Finanzkrise 2009 ist dieser Anteil kontinuierlich auf 80% im Westen und 76% im Osten angestiegen. Das bedeutet, dass sich beide Landesteile bei dieser Kennzahl seit geraumer Zeit mit recht geringem Abstand im Gleichschritt bewegen. Quelle: Müller, Steffen: Aktuelle Trends: Ertragslage der ostdeutschen Betriebe verbessert sich stetig. Wirtschaft im Wandel, Jg. 23 (3), 2017.
1/3: Die aktuelle Formel zur Anpassung des Rentenniveaus, gekoppelt an die Lohnentwickling ("Status quo"), wird mit einem alternativen Konzept verglichen: Das Szenario "Inflationsausgleich" sieht vor, dass für jede Alterskohorte, die aus dem Erwerbsleben ausscheidet, das Rentenniveau bei 48,1% des zuletzt empfangenen Arbeitsentgelts fixiert wird und im weiteren Verlauf real konstant bleibt, die Rentenbezüge also mit der Inflationsrate zunehmen. Die Rentenhöhe kann hierdurch stabilisiert werden, somit erhalten alle zukünftigen Generationen eine vergleichbare Absicherung. Quelle: Holtemöller, Oliver; Zeddies, Götz: Zur Stabilisierung von Rentenniveau und Rentenversicherungsbeitrag, IWH Online 2/2017.
2/3: Eine Kopplung der laufenden Renten an die Verbraucherpreise kann ein Element zur Dämpfung des Ausgabenanstiegs bei der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung infolge des demographischen Wandels sein, da die Renten nicht mehr so stark wie die Löhne steigen, sondern nur noch die Inflation ausgleichen. Quelle: Holtemöller, Oliver; Zeddies, Götz: Zur Stabilisierung von Rentenniveau und Rentenversicherungsbeitrag, IWH Online 2/2017.
3/3: Der erforderliche Beitragssatz in der Rentenversicherung im Szenario „Inflationsausgleich“ fällt deutlich niedriger aus und sinkt ab 2035 sogar wieder, während er im Szenario „Status quo“ weiter ansteigt. Durch den Inflationsausgleich kann also ein stabiles Rentenniveau bei Renteneintritt gewährleistet und gleichzeitig eine Dämpfung der Rentenausgaben erreicht werden, wenn die Bevölkerung altert. Quelle: Holtemöller, Oliver; Zeddies, Götz: Zur Stabilisierung von Rentenniveau und Rentenversicherungsbeitrag, IWH Online 2/2017.
Die deutsche Wirtschaft hat ihr hohes Expansionstempo zuletzt nicht weiter halten können. Das Bruttoinlandsprodukt (BIP) stieg im ersten Quartal 2018 nur noch um 0,3% und damit deutlich langsamer als vom IWH-Flash-Indikator im Februar 2018 prognostiziert. Derzeit deutet der IWH-Flash-Indikator darauf hin, dass das Expansionstempo im Sommerhalbjahr 2018 konstant bleiben wird. Das Bruttoinlandsprodukt dürfte auch im zweiten und dritten Quartal 2018 jeweils um 0,3% steigen. Stand: 22.05.2018
in: Journal of International Money and Finance, im Erscheinen
We analyze the effect of monetary policy transparency on bilateral exchange rate volatility. We test the theoretical predictions of a stylized model using panel data for 62 currencies from 1998 to 2010. We find strong evidence that an increase in the availability of information about monetary policy objectives decreases exchange rate volatility. Using interaction models, we find that this effect is more pronounced for countries with a lower flexibility of goods prices, a lower level of central bank conservatism, and a higher interest rate sensitivity of money demand.
in: Journal of Applied Econometrics, im Erscheinen
We calculate the magnitude of the government consumption multiplier in linearized and nonlinear solutions of a New Keynesian model at the zero lower bound. Importantly, the model is amended with real rigidities to simultaneously account for the macroeconomic evidence of a low Phillips curve slope and the microeconomic evidence of frequent price changes. We show that the nonlinear solution is associated with a much smaller multiplier than the linearized solution in long-lived liquidity traps, and pin down the key features in the model which account for the di¤erence. Our results caution against the common practice of using linearized models to calculate scal multipliers in long-lived liquidity traps.
in: Applied Economics, im Erscheinen
This article analyzes the development of employment levels and worker flows before bankruptcies, plant closure without bankruptcies and mass layoffs. Utilizing administrative plant-level data for Germany, we find no systematic employment reductions prior to mass layoffs, a strong and long-lasting reduction prior to closures, and a much shorter shadow of death preceding bankruptcies. Employment reductions in closing plants, in contrast to bankruptcies and mass layoffs, do not come along with increased worker flows. These patterns point to an intended and controlled shrinking strategy for closures without bankruptcy and to an unintended collapse for bankruptcies and mass layoffs.
in: Finance Research Letters, im Erscheinen
We investigate firm outcomes after a major flood in Germany in 2013. We robustly find that firms located in the disaster regions have significantly higher turnover, lower leverage, and higher cash in the period after 2013. We provide evidence that the effects stem from firms that already experienced a similar major disaster in 2002. Overall, our results document a positive net effect on firm performance in the direct aftermath of a natural disaster.
in: The Journal of Consumer Affairs, im Erscheinen
In this paper, we study the relationship between financial literacy and self‐employment. We use established financial literacy questions to measure literacy levels. The analysis shows a highly significant and positive correlation between the index and self‐employment. We address the direction of causality by applying instrumental variable techniques based on information about maternal education. We also exploit information on financial support and family background to account for concerns about the exclusion restriction. The results provide support for a positive effect of financial literacy on the probability of being self‐employed. As financial literacy is acquirable, the findings suggest that entrepreneurial activities might be increased by enhancing financial literacy.
in: International Journal of Central Banking, im Erscheinen
Publikation lesen
in: Review of Finance, im Erscheinen
This paper explores how banks react to an exogenous shock caused by Hurricane Katrina in 2005, and how the structure of the banking system affects economic development following the shock. Independent banks based in the disaster areas increase their risk-based capital ratios after the hurricane, while those that are part of a bank holding company on average do not. The effect on independent banks mainly comes from the subgroup of highly capitalized banks. These independent and highly capitalized banks increase their holdings in government securities and reduce their total loan exposures to non-financial firms, while also increasing new lending to these firms. With regard to local economic development, affected counties with a relatively large share of independent banks and relatively high average bank capital ratios show higher economic growth than other affected counties following the catastrophic event.
in: Applied Economics Letters, im Erscheinen
This study analyses the performance of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) World Economic Outlook output forecasts for the world and for both the advanced economies and the emerging and developing economies. With a focus on the forecast for the current year and the next year, we examine the durability of IMF forecasts, looking at how much time has to pass so that IMF forecasts can be improved by using leading indicators with monthly updates. Using a real-time data set for GDP and for indicators, we find that some simple single-indicator forecasts on the basis of data that are available at higher frequency can significantly outperform the IMF forecasts as soon as the publication of the IMF’s Outlook is only a few months old. In particular, there is an obvious gain using leading indicators from January to March for the forecast of the current year.
in: German Economic Review, im Erscheinen
In this paper, we investigate whether differences exist among forecasts using real‐time or latest‐available data to predict gross domestic product (GDP). We employ mixed‐frequency models and real‐time data to reassess the role of surveys and financial data relative to industrial production and orders in Germany. Although we find evidence that forecast characteristics based on real‐time and final data releases differ, we also observe minimal impacts on the relative forecasting performance of indicator models. However, when obtaining the optimal combination of soft and hard data, the use of final release data may understate the role of survey information.
in: Review of Financial Studies, im Erscheinen
We study the impact of higher capital requirements on banks’ balance sheets and its transmission to the real economy. The 2011 EBA capital exercise provides an almost ideal quasi-natural experiment, which allows us to identify the effect of higher capital requirements using a difference-in-differences matching estimator. We find that treated banks increase their capital ratios not by raising their levels of equity, but by reducing their credit supply. We also show that this reduction in credit supply results in lower firm-, investment-, and sales growth for firms which obtain a larger share of their bank credit from the treated banks.
in: Journal of International Money and Finance, im Erscheinen
We analyze the effect of monetary policy transparency on bilateral exchange rate volatility. We test the theoretical predictions of a stylized model using panel data for 62 currencies from 1998 to 2010. We find strong evidence that an increase in the availability of information about monetary policy objectives decreases exchange rate volatility. Using interaction models, we find that this effect is more pronounced for countries with a lower flexibility of goods prices, a lower level of central bank conservatism, and a higher interest rate sensitivity of money demand.
in: Journal of Applied Econometrics, im Erscheinen
We calculate the magnitude of the government consumption multiplier in linearized and nonlinear solutions of a New Keynesian model at the zero lower bound. Importantly, the model is amended with real rigidities to simultaneously account for the macroeconomic evidence of a low Phillips curve slope and the microeconomic evidence of frequent price changes. We show that the nonlinear solution is associated with a much smaller multiplier than the linearized solution in long-lived liquidity traps, and pin down the key features in the model which account for the di¤erence. Our results caution against the common practice of using linearized models to calculate scal multipliers in long-lived liquidity traps.
in: Applied Economics, im Erscheinen
This article analyzes the development of employment levels and worker flows before bankruptcies, plant closure without bankruptcies and mass layoffs. Utilizing administrative plant-level data for Germany, we find no systematic employment reductions prior to mass layoffs, a strong and long-lasting reduction prior to closures, and a much shorter shadow of death preceding bankruptcies. Employment reductions in closing plants, in contrast to bankruptcies and mass layoffs, do not come along with increased worker flows. These patterns point to an intended and controlled shrinking strategy for closures without bankruptcy and to an unintended collapse for bankruptcies and mass layoffs.
in: Finance Research Letters, im Erscheinen
We investigate firm outcomes after a major flood in Germany in 2013. We robustly find that firms located in the disaster regions have significantly higher turnover, lower leverage, and higher cash in the period after 2013. We provide evidence that the effects stem from firms that already experienced a similar major disaster in 2002. Overall, our results document a positive net effect on firm performance in the direct aftermath of a natural disaster.
in: The Journal of Consumer Affairs, im Erscheinen
In this paper, we study the relationship between financial literacy and self‐employment. We use established financial literacy questions to measure literacy levels. The analysis shows a highly significant and positive correlation between the index and self‐employment. We address the direction of causality by applying instrumental variable techniques based on information about maternal education. We also exploit information on financial support and family background to account for concerns about the exclusion restriction. The results provide support for a positive effect of financial literacy on the probability of being self‐employed. As financial literacy is acquirable, the findings suggest that entrepreneurial activities might be increased by enhancing financial literacy.
in: International Journal of Central Banking, im Erscheinen
Publikation lesen
in: Review of Finance, im Erscheinen
This paper explores how banks react to an exogenous shock caused by Hurricane Katrina in 2005, and how the structure of the banking system affects economic development following the shock. Independent banks based in the disaster areas increase their risk-based capital ratios after the hurricane, while those that are part of a bank holding company on average do not. The effect on independent banks mainly comes from the subgroup of highly capitalized banks. These independent and highly capitalized banks increase their holdings in government securities and reduce their total loan exposures to non-financial firms, while also increasing new lending to these firms. With regard to local economic development, affected counties with a relatively large share of independent banks and relatively high average bank capital ratios show higher economic growth than other affected counties following the catastrophic event.
in: Applied Economics Letters, im Erscheinen
This study analyses the performance of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) World Economic Outlook output forecasts for the world and for both the advanced economies and the emerging and developing economies. With a focus on the forecast for the current year and the next year, we examine the durability of IMF forecasts, looking at how much time has to pass so that IMF forecasts can be improved by using leading indicators with monthly updates. Using a real-time data set for GDP and for indicators, we find that some simple single-indicator forecasts on the basis of data that are available at higher frequency can significantly outperform the IMF forecasts as soon as the publication of the IMF’s Outlook is only a few months old. In particular, there is an obvious gain using leading indicators from January to March for the forecast of the current year.
in: German Economic Review, im Erscheinen
In this paper, we investigate whether differences exist among forecasts using real‐time or latest‐available data to predict gross domestic product (GDP). We employ mixed‐frequency models and real‐time data to reassess the role of surveys and financial data relative to industrial production and orders in Germany. Although we find evidence that forecast characteristics based on real‐time and final data releases differ, we also observe minimal impacts on the relative forecasting performance of indicator models. However, when obtaining the optimal combination of soft and hard data, the use of final release data may understate the role of survey information.
in: Review of Financial Studies, im Erscheinen
We study the impact of higher capital requirements on banks’ balance sheets and its transmission to the real economy. The 2011 EBA capital exercise provides an almost ideal quasi-natural experiment, which allows us to identify the effect of higher capital requirements using a difference-in-differences matching estimator. We find that treated banks increase their capital ratios not by raising their levels of equity, but by reducing their credit supply. We also show that this reduction in credit supply results in lower firm-, investment-, and sales growth for firms which obtain a larger share of their bank credit from the treated banks.
Ein Investment von 1000 Euro, angelegt am 1. Juli 1988, dem Eröffnungstag des DAX, wäre heute über 6000 Euro wert, hätte sich also versechsfacht. Der DAX hat also langfristig alle anderen Anlage- und Sparoptionen übertroffen, die bei deutschen Haushalten üblich sind (Bundesanleihen, Wohnimmobilien, Sparkonten).
Der Aufschwung in Deutschland ist ins Stocken geraten, da die Exporte schwächeln. Das IWH erwartet, dass das Bruttoinlandsprodukt im Jahr 2018 um 1,7% und im Jahr 2019 um 1,6% wächst (Stand: 14.06.2018).
Die meisten Mitgliedsländer der EU haben die Richtlinien nicht innerhalb der von der Europäischen Kommission gesetzten Frist in nationale Gesetzgebung überführt. Diese Abbildung zeigt, um wie viele Monate die verschiedenen EU-Staaten die Umsetzung der Richtlinien der Europäischen Kommission hinausgezögert haben. Insbesondere Belgien, Litauen, Polen und Slowenien haben viel Zeit bis zur Umsetzung in nationales Gesetz verstreichen lassen. Deutschland und Österreich haben die Richtlinien am schnellsten übernommen. Quelle: Koetter, Michael; Krause, Thomas; Tonzer, Lena (2018). "Welche Faktoren verzögern die Umsetzung der Bankenunion?" In: Wirtschaft im Wandel — Jg. 24 (1), 2018
Die Abbildung zeigt für vier große deutsche Banken, dass deren durchschnittliche Bilanzsumme im Verlauf der Krise gesunken ist, die Banken also kleiner geworden sind. Trotzdem ist ihr Marktanteil noch immer erheblich. Auf neue Regulierungsmaßnahmen, wie die Überwachung systemisch relevanter Banken durch den einheitlichen Aufsichtsmechanismus, die Errichtung eines Abwicklungsmechanismus und die Einführung systemischer Aufschläge bezogen auf die Eigenkapitalquote reagieren die Banken mit einer erhöhten Kernkapitalquote. Diese Erhöhung findet unter anderem dadurch statt, dass die Banken ihre Verschuldungsquote herunterfahren. Quelle: Tonzer, Lena; Sondershaus, Talina: Aktuelle Trends: Große deutsche Banken werden kleiner und haben mehr Eigenkapital, in: IWH, Wirtschaft im Wandel, Jg. 23 (4), 2017, 68.
Im Vergleich zu den asiatischen „Tigerstaaten“ zeigt Polen seit 1997 einen stetigen Aufholprozess, der sich aber in den vergangenen Jahren verlangsamt hat und hinter der Entwicklungsgeschwindigkeit Koreas oder Taiwans zurückbleibt. Einige Bestandteile des „Morawiecki-Plans“ der polnischen Regierung um den Aufholprozess voranzubringen sind dazu durchaus geeignet; bisher kommt insbesondere die Innovationsorientierung noch zu kurz. Quelle: Holtemöller, Oliver; Kämpfe, Martina: Polen vor der Middle-Income-Trap? Entwicklungsplan bis 2030 soll den Aufholprozess beschleunigen, in: IWH, Wirtschaft im Wandel, Jg. 23 (4), 2017, 79-82.
Quelle: Fackler, Daniel; Hank, Eva: Einkommensverluste nach Arbeitsplatzverlusten: Kompensation vor allem durch staatliche Umverteilung. Wirtschaft im Wandel, Jg. 22 (6), 2016.
Obwohl sich bisher noch keine Auswirkungen auf die Wirtschaft belegen lassen, ist zu befürchten, dass die zunehmende Gewalt den wirtschaftlichen Aufholprozess in Ostdeutschland gefährdet. Quelle: Holtemöller, Oliver; Pohle, Felix: Aktuelle Trends: Fremdenfeindlichkeit als Standortnachteil im Osten? Besonders viele rechtsextremistisch motivierte Gewalttaten in den Neuen Ländern. Wirtschaft im Wandel, Jg. 22 (5), 2016.
Vor elf Jahren machten etwa 70% der westdeutschen Betriebe und 65% der ostdeutschen Betriebe Gewinne. Nach einem kurzen Knick um die Wirtschafts- und Finanzkrise 2009 ist dieser Anteil kontinuierlich auf 80% im Westen und 76% im Osten angestiegen. Das bedeutet, dass sich beide Landesteile bei dieser Kennzahl seit geraumer Zeit mit recht geringem Abstand im Gleichschritt bewegen. Quelle: Müller, Steffen: Aktuelle Trends: Ertragslage der ostdeutschen Betriebe verbessert sich stetig. Wirtschaft im Wandel, Jg. 23 (3), 2017.
1/3: Die aktuelle Formel zur Anpassung des Rentenniveaus, gekoppelt an die Lohnentwickling ("Status quo"), wird mit einem alternativen Konzept verglichen: Das Szenario "Inflationsausgleich" sieht vor, dass für jede Alterskohorte, die aus dem Erwerbsleben ausscheidet, das Rentenniveau bei 48,1% des zuletzt empfangenen Arbeitsentgelts fixiert wird und im weiteren Verlauf real konstant bleibt, die Rentenbezüge also mit der Inflationsrate zunehmen. Die Rentenhöhe kann hierdurch stabilisiert werden, somit erhalten alle zukünftigen Generationen eine vergleichbare Absicherung. Quelle: Holtemöller, Oliver; Zeddies, Götz: Zur Stabilisierung von Rentenniveau und Rentenversicherungsbeitrag, IWH Online 2/2017.
2/3: Eine Kopplung der laufenden Renten an die Verbraucherpreise kann ein Element zur Dämpfung des Ausgabenanstiegs bei der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung infolge des demographischen Wandels sein, da die Renten nicht mehr so stark wie die Löhne steigen, sondern nur noch die Inflation ausgleichen. Quelle: Holtemöller, Oliver; Zeddies, Götz: Zur Stabilisierung von Rentenniveau und Rentenversicherungsbeitrag, IWH Online 2/2017.
3/3: Der erforderliche Beitragssatz in der Rentenversicherung im Szenario „Inflationsausgleich“ fällt deutlich niedriger aus und sinkt ab 2035 sogar wieder, während er im Szenario „Status quo“ weiter ansteigt. Durch den Inflationsausgleich kann also ein stabiles Rentenniveau bei Renteneintritt gewährleistet und gleichzeitig eine Dämpfung der Rentenausgaben erreicht werden, wenn die Bevölkerung altert. Quelle: Holtemöller, Oliver; Zeddies, Götz: Zur Stabilisierung von Rentenniveau und Rentenversicherungsbeitrag, IWH Online 2/2017.
Die deutsche Wirtschaft hat ihr hohes Expansionstempo zuletzt nicht weiter halten können. Das Bruttoinlandsprodukt (BIP) stieg im ersten Quartal 2018 nur noch um 0,3% und damit deutlich langsamer als vom IWH-Flash-Indikator im Februar 2018 prognostiziert. Derzeit deutet der IWH-Flash-Indikator darauf hin, dass das Expansionstempo im Sommerhalbjahr 2018 konstant bleiben wird. Das Bruttoinlandsprodukt dürfte auch im zweiten und dritten Quartal 2018 jeweils um 0,3% steigen. Stand: 22.05.2018
in: Journal of International Money and Finance, im Erscheinen
We analyze the effect of monetary policy transparency on bilateral exchange rate volatility. We test the theoretical predictions of a stylized model using panel data for 62 currencies from 1998 to 2010. We find strong evidence that an increase in the availability of information about monetary policy objectives decreases exchange rate volatility. Using interaction models, we find that this effect is more pronounced for countries with a lower flexibility of goods prices, a lower level of central bank conservatism, and a higher interest rate sensitivity of money demand.
in: Journal of Applied Econometrics, im Erscheinen
We calculate the magnitude of the government consumption multiplier in linearized and nonlinear solutions of a New Keynesian model at the zero lower bound. Importantly, the model is amended with real rigidities to simultaneously account for the macroeconomic evidence of a low Phillips curve slope and the microeconomic evidence of frequent price changes. We show that the nonlinear solution is associated with a much smaller multiplier than the linearized solution in long-lived liquidity traps, and pin down the key features in the model which account for the di¤erence. Our results caution against the common practice of using linearized models to calculate scal multipliers in long-lived liquidity traps.
in: Applied Economics, im Erscheinen
This article analyzes the development of employment levels and worker flows before bankruptcies, plant closure without bankruptcies and mass layoffs. Utilizing administrative plant-level data for Germany, we find no systematic employment reductions prior to mass layoffs, a strong and long-lasting reduction prior to closures, and a much shorter shadow of death preceding bankruptcies. Employment reductions in closing plants, in contrast to bankruptcies and mass layoffs, do not come along with increased worker flows. These patterns point to an intended and controlled shrinking strategy for closures without bankruptcy and to an unintended collapse for bankruptcies and mass layoffs.
in: Finance Research Letters, im Erscheinen
We investigate firm outcomes after a major flood in Germany in 2013. We robustly find that firms located in the disaster regions have significantly higher turnover, lower leverage, and higher cash in the period after 2013. We provide evidence that the effects stem from firms that already experienced a similar major disaster in 2002. Overall, our results document a positive net effect on firm performance in the direct aftermath of a natural disaster.
in: The Journal of Consumer Affairs, im Erscheinen
In this paper, we study the relationship between financial literacy and self‐employment. We use established financial literacy questions to measure literacy levels. The analysis shows a highly significant and positive correlation between the index and self‐employment. We address the direction of causality by applying instrumental variable techniques based on information about maternal education. We also exploit information on financial support and family background to account for concerns about the exclusion restriction. The results provide support for a positive effect of financial literacy on the probability of being self‐employed. As financial literacy is acquirable, the findings suggest that entrepreneurial activities might be increased by enhancing financial literacy.
in: International Journal of Central Banking, im Erscheinen
Publikation lesen
in: Review of Finance, im Erscheinen
This paper explores how banks react to an exogenous shock caused by Hurricane Katrina in 2005, and how the structure of the banking system affects economic development following the shock. Independent banks based in the disaster areas increase their risk-based capital ratios after the hurricane, while those that are part of a bank holding company on average do not. The effect on independent banks mainly comes from the subgroup of highly capitalized banks. These independent and highly capitalized banks increase their holdings in government securities and reduce their total loan exposures to non-financial firms, while also increasing new lending to these firms. With regard to local economic development, affected counties with a relatively large share of independent banks and relatively high average bank capital ratios show higher economic growth than other affected counties following the catastrophic event.
in: Applied Economics Letters, im Erscheinen
This study analyses the performance of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) World Economic Outlook output forecasts for the world and for both the advanced economies and the emerging and developing economies. With a focus on the forecast for the current year and the next year, we examine the durability of IMF forecasts, looking at how much time has to pass so that IMF forecasts can be improved by using leading indicators with monthly updates. Using a real-time data set for GDP and for indicators, we find that some simple single-indicator forecasts on the basis of data that are available at higher frequency can significantly outperform the IMF forecasts as soon as the publication of the IMF’s Outlook is only a few months old. In particular, there is an obvious gain using leading indicators from January to March for the forecast of the current year.
in: German Economic Review, im Erscheinen
In this paper, we investigate whether differences exist among forecasts using real‐time or latest‐available data to predict gross domestic product (GDP). We employ mixed‐frequency models and real‐time data to reassess the role of surveys and financial data relative to industrial production and orders in Germany. Although we find evidence that forecast characteristics based on real‐time and final data releases differ, we also observe minimal impacts on the relative forecasting performance of indicator models. However, when obtaining the optimal combination of soft and hard data, the use of final release data may understate the role of survey information.
in: Review of Financial Studies, im Erscheinen
We study the impact of higher capital requirements on banks’ balance sheets and its transmission to the real economy. The 2011 EBA capital exercise provides an almost ideal quasi-natural experiment, which allows us to identify the effect of higher capital requirements using a difference-in-differences matching estimator. We find that treated banks increase their capital ratios not by raising their levels of equity, but by reducing their credit supply. We also show that this reduction in credit supply results in lower firm-, investment-, and sales growth for firms which obtain a larger share of their bank credit from the treated banks.
in: Journal of International Money and Finance, im Erscheinen
We analyze the effect of monetary policy transparency on bilateral exchange rate volatility. We test the theoretical predictions of a stylized model using panel data for 62 currencies from 1998 to 2010. We find strong evidence that an increase in the availability of information about monetary policy objectives decreases exchange rate volatility. Using interaction models, we find that this effect is more pronounced for countries with a lower flexibility of goods prices, a lower level of central bank conservatism, and a higher interest rate sensitivity of money demand.
in: Journal of Applied Econometrics, im Erscheinen
We calculate the magnitude of the government consumption multiplier in linearized and nonlinear solutions of a New Keynesian model at the zero lower bound. Importantly, the model is amended with real rigidities to simultaneously account for the macroeconomic evidence of a low Phillips curve slope and the microeconomic evidence of frequent price changes. We show that the nonlinear solution is associated with a much smaller multiplier than the linearized solution in long-lived liquidity traps, and pin down the key features in the model which account for the di¤erence. Our results caution against the common practice of using linearized models to calculate scal multipliers in long-lived liquidity traps.
in: Applied Economics, im Erscheinen
This article analyzes the development of employment levels and worker flows before bankruptcies, plant closure without bankruptcies and mass layoffs. Utilizing administrative plant-level data for Germany, we find no systematic employment reductions prior to mass layoffs, a strong and long-lasting reduction prior to closures, and a much shorter shadow of death preceding bankruptcies. Employment reductions in closing plants, in contrast to bankruptcies and mass layoffs, do not come along with increased worker flows. These patterns point to an intended and controlled shrinking strategy for closures without bankruptcy and to an unintended collapse for bankruptcies and mass layoffs.
in: Finance Research Letters, im Erscheinen
We investigate firm outcomes after a major flood in Germany in 2013. We robustly find that firms located in the disaster regions have significantly higher turnover, lower leverage, and higher cash in the period after 2013. We provide evidence that the effects stem from firms that already experienced a similar major disaster in 2002. Overall, our results document a positive net effect on firm performance in the direct aftermath of a natural disaster.
in: The Journal of Consumer Affairs, im Erscheinen
In this paper, we study the relationship between financial literacy and self‐employment. We use established financial literacy questions to measure literacy levels. The analysis shows a highly significant and positive correlation between the index and self‐employment. We address the direction of causality by applying instrumental variable techniques based on information about maternal education. We also exploit information on financial support and family background to account for concerns about the exclusion restriction. The results provide support for a positive effect of financial literacy on the probability of being self‐employed. As financial literacy is acquirable, the findings suggest that entrepreneurial activities might be increased by enhancing financial literacy.
in: International Journal of Central Banking, im Erscheinen
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in: Review of Finance, im Erscheinen
This paper explores how banks react to an exogenous shock caused by Hurricane Katrina in 2005, and how the structure of the banking system affects economic development following the shock. Independent banks based in the disaster areas increase their risk-based capital ratios after the hurricane, while those that are part of a bank holding company on average do not. The effect on independent banks mainly comes from the subgroup of highly capitalized banks. These independent and highly capitalized banks increase their holdings in government securities and reduce their total loan exposures to non-financial firms, while also increasing new lending to these firms. With regard to local economic development, affected counties with a relatively large share of independent banks and relatively high average bank capital ratios show higher economic growth than other affected counties following the catastrophic event.
in: Applied Economics Letters, im Erscheinen
This study analyses the performance of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) World Economic Outlook output forecasts for the world and for both the advanced economies and the emerging and developing economies. With a focus on the forecast for the current year and the next year, we examine the durability of IMF forecasts, looking at how much time has to pass so that IMF forecasts can be improved by using leading indicators with monthly updates. Using a real-time data set for GDP and for indicators, we find that some simple single-indicator forecasts on the basis of data that are available at higher frequency can significantly outperform the IMF forecasts as soon as the publication of the IMF’s Outlook is only a few months old. In particular, there is an obvious gain using leading indicators from January to March for the forecast of the current year.
in: German Economic Review, im Erscheinen
In this paper, we investigate whether differences exist among forecasts using real‐time or latest‐available data to predict gross domestic product (GDP). We employ mixed‐frequency models and real‐time data to reassess the role of surveys and financial data relative to industrial production and orders in Germany. Although we find evidence that forecast characteristics based on real‐time and final data releases differ, we also observe minimal impacts on the relative forecasting performance of indicator models. However, when obtaining the optimal combination of soft and hard data, the use of final release data may understate the role of survey information.
in: Review of Financial Studies, im Erscheinen
We study the impact of higher capital requirements on banks’ balance sheets and its transmission to the real economy. The 2011 EBA capital exercise provides an almost ideal quasi-natural experiment, which allows us to identify the effect of higher capital requirements using a difference-in-differences matching estimator. We find that treated banks increase their capital ratios not by raising their levels of equity, but by reducing their credit supply. We also show that this reduction in credit supply results in lower firm-, investment-, and sales growth for firms which obtain a larger share of their bank credit from the treated banks.
