Energy Markets and Global Economic Conditions
Christiane Baumeister, Dimitris Korobilis, Thomas K. Lee
Review of Economics and Statistics,
im Erscheinen
Abstract
We evaluate alternative indicators of global economic activity and other market funda-mentals in terms of their usefulness for forecasting real oil prices and global petroleum consumption. World industrial production is one of the most useful indicators. However, by combining measures from several different sources we can do even better. Our analysis results in a new index of global economic conditions and measures for assessing future energy demand and oil price pressures. We illustrate their usefulness for quantifying the main factors behind the severe contraction of the global economy and the price risks faced by shale oil producers in early 2020.
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Monetary Policy through Exchange Rate Pegs: The Removal of the Swiss Franc‐Euro Floor and Stock Price Reactions
Gregor von Schweinitz, Lena Tonzer, Manuel Buchholz
International Review of Finance,
im Erscheinen
Abstract
The Swiss National Bank abolished the exchange rate floor versus the Euro in January 2015. Using a synthetic matching framework, we analyze the impact of this unexpected (and therefore exogenous) policy change on the stock market. The results reveal a significant level shift (decline) in asset prices following the discontinuation of the minimum exchange rate. As a novel finding in the literature, we document that the exchange‐rate elasticity of Swiss asset prices is around −0.75. Differentiating between sectors of the Swiss economy, we find that the industrial, financial and consumer goods sectors are most strongly affected by the abolition of the minimum exchange rate.
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Bank Concentration and Product Market Competition
Farzad Saidi, Daniel Streitz
Review of Financial Studies,
Nr. 10,
2021
Abstract
This paper documents a link between bank concentration and markups in nonfinancial sectors. We exploit concentration-increasing bank mergers and variation in banks’ market shares across industries and show that higher credit concentration is associated with higher markups and that high-market-share lenders charge lower loan rates. We argue that this is due to the greater incidence of competing firms sharing common lenders that induce less aggressive product market behavior among their borrowers, thereby internalizing potential adverse effects of higher rates. Consistent with our conjecture, the effect is stronger in industries with competition in strategic substitutes where negative product market externalities are greatest.
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Trade Shocks, Labour Markets and Elections in the First Globalisation
Richard Bräuer, Wolf-Fabian Hungerland, Felix Kersting
IWH-CompNet Discussion Papers,
Nr. 4,
2021
Abstract
This paper studies the economic and political effects of a large trade shock in agriculture – the grain invasion from the Americas – in Prussia during the first globalisation (1871-1913). We show that this shock accelerated the structural change in the Prussian economy through migration of workers to booming cities. In contrast to studies using today’s data, we do not observe declining per capita income and political polarisation in counties affected by foreign competition. Our results suggest that the negative and persistent effects of trade shocks we see today are not a universal feature of globalisation, but depend on labour mobility. For our analysis, we digitise data from Prussian industrial and agricultural censuses on the county level and combine it with national trade data at the product level. We exploit the cross-regional variation in cultivated crops within Prussia and instrument with Italian trade data to isolate exogenous variation.
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International Trade Barriers and Regional Employment: The Case of a No-Deal Brexit
Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch, Oliver Holtemöller
Journal of Economic Structures,
Nr. 11,
2021
Abstract
We use the World Input–Output Database (WIOD) combined with regional sectoral employment data to estimate the potential regional employment effects of international trade barriers. We study the case of a no-deal Brexit in which imports to the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union (EU) would be subject to tariffs and non-tariff trade costs. First, we derive the decline in UK final goods imports from the EU from industry-specific international trade elasticities, tariffs and non-tariff trade costs. Using input–output analysis, we estimate the potential output and employment effects for 56 industries and 43 countries on the national level. The absolute effects would be largest in big EU countries which have close trade relationships with the UK, such as Germany and France. However, there would also be large countries outside the EU which would be heavily affected via global value chains, such as China, for example. The relative effects (in percent of total employment) would be largest in Ireland followed by Belgium. In a second step, we split up the national effects on the NUTS-2 level for EU member states and additionally on the county (NUTS-3) level for Germany. The share of affected workers varies between 0.03% and 3.4% among European NUTS-2 regions and between 0.15% and 0.4% among German counties. A general result is that indirect effects via global value chains, i.e., trade in intermediate inputs, are more important than direct effects via final demand.
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Der Produktivitätsrückstand der ostdeutschen Industrie: Nur eine Frage der Preise?
Steffen Müller
Einzelveröffentlichungen,
Beitrag in Festschrift für Gerhard Heimpold, IWH
2020
Abstract
Die volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnung zeigt auch knapp drei Jahrzehnte nach der Deutschen Einheit, dass die Arbeitsproduktivität in Ostdeutschlands Industrie mehr als 20% unter dem westdeutschen Niveau verharrt. In dieser Arbeit gehe ich der Frage nach, ob dieser Rückstand die Folge einer geringeren physischen Produktivität oder niedrigerer Preise für ostdeutsche Erzeugnisse ist. Dazu werden Mikrodaten auf Firmenebene benutzt, die Informationen zu produzierten Gütermengen und erzielten Preisen enthalten. Der Rückstand in der Erlösproduktivität wird auch mit diesen Daten bestätigt. Die Hauptergebnisse sind, dass i) ostdeutsche Industrieunternehmen tatsächlich deutlich geringere Marktpreise erlösen und ii) der physische Output bei gleichen Inputmengen im Osten höher liegt als im Westen. Eine naheliegende Erklärung für beide Befunde ist, dass ostdeutsche Produkte weniger Kundennutzen generieren und gleichzeitig in weniger aufwändigen Produktionsverfahren hergestellt werden können. Weitere Tests zeigen, dass iii) die Hypothese verlängerter Werkbänke keine Erklärung für den ostdeutschen Produktivitätsrückstand ist und iv) ostdeutsche Betriebe im Vergleich zur westdeutschen Konkurrenz eine geringere physische Produktivität aufweisen, wenn sie Güter zu westdeutschen Preisen herstellen.
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European Firm Concentration and Aggregate Productivity
Tommaso Bighelli, Filippo di Mauro, Marc Melitz, Matthias Mertens
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 5,
2021
Abstract
This article derives a European Herfindahl-Hirschman concentration index from 15 micro-aggregated country datasets. In the last decade, European concentration rose due to a reallocation of economic activity towards large and concentrated industries. Over the same period, productivity gains from reallocation accounted for 50% of European productivity growth and markups stayed constant. Using country-industry variation, we show that changes in concentration are positively associated with changes in productivity and allocative efficiency. This holds across most sectors and countries and supports the notion that rising concentration in Europe reflects a more efficient market environment rather than weak competition and rising market power.
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European Firm Concentration and Aggregate Productivity
Tommaso Bighelli, Filippo di Mauro, Marc Melitz, Matthias Mertens
IWH-CompNet Discussion Papers,
Nr. 3,
2021
Abstract
This article derives a European Herfindahl-Hirschman concentration index from 15 micro-aggregated country datasets. In the last decade, European concentration rose due to a reallocation of economic activity towards large and concentrated industries. Over the same period, productivity gains from reallocation accounted for 50% of European productivity growth and markups stayed constant. Using country-industry variation, we show that changes in concentration are positively associated with changes in productivity and allocative efficiency. This holds across most sectors and countries and supports the notion that rising concentration in Europe reflects a more efficient market environment rather than weak competition and rising market power.
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Globalisation in Europe: Consequences for the Business Environment and Future Patterns in Light of Covid-19
Sergio Inferrera
IWH-CompNet Discussion Papers,
Nr. 2,
2021
Abstract
In this paper, I study the consequences of globalisation, as measured by the involvement of firms in GVC, on the business environment. In particular, I focus on concentration and productivity, firstly by estimating robust elasticities and then isolating the exogenous component of the variation in the participation in GVC. To this aim, I exploit the distance between industries in terms of upstreamness and downstreamness along the supply chain. The evidences suggest that involvement in international supply chains is positively related to concentration at the sector level and positively associated with aggregate productivity, an effect that is driven by the firms at the top of the productivity distribution. Finally, I relate these findings to the current pandemic, going beyond the lack of official statistics and estimating GVC participation for 2020 at the country-level through real time world-seaborne trade data, providing evidences on the re-absorption of the Covid shock in several European economies.
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Pandemie verzögert Aufschwung – Demografie bremst Wachstum
Dienstleistungsauftrag des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Energie,
Nr. 1,
2021
Abstract
Das erste Jahr der Corona-Pandemie stand in Deutschland im Zeichen extremer Schwankungen der ökonomischen Aktivität und einer massiven Lähmung der Binnenwirtschaft. Der kräftige Erholungsprozess nach dem Ende des Shutdowns im vergangenen Frühjahr kam im Zuge der zweiten Infektionswelle über das zurückliegende Winterhalbjahr insgesamt zum Erliegen, wobei es große Unterschiede zwischen Industrie und Dienstleistern gibt. Angesichts des aktuellen Infektionsgeschehens gehen die Institute davon aus, dass der derzeitige Shutdown zunächst fortgesetzt wird und die zuletzt erfolgten Lockerungen wieder weitgehend zurückgenommen werden. Erst ab Mitte des zweiten Quartals setzen Lockerungsschritte ein, die es den im Shutdown befindlichen Unternehmen erlauben, ihre Aktivitäten nach und nach wieder aufzunehmen. Bis zum Ende des dritten Quartals sollten dann alle Beschränkungen aufgehoben worden sein, weil bis dahin insbesondere mit einem weitreichenden Impffortschritt zu rechnen ist. Insgesamt dürfte das Bruttoinlandsprodukt in diesem Jahr um 3,7% zulegen. Die deutliche Erholung im zweiten Halbjahr 2021 wirkt sich auch erheblich auf die Jahresdurchschnittsrate für das Jahr 2022 aus, die nach vorliegender Prognose 3,9% beträgt.
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