EFN Report Summer 2018: Economic Outlook for the Euro Area in 2018 and 2019
European Forecasting Network
EFN Reports,
Nr. 3,
2018
Abstract
• In summer 2018 the cyclical upswing of the world economy is not over, but it appears to be fragmenting. While economic activity in the European Union has lost steam, the upswing in the US has gained pace, and growth in China appears to be robust. • Markets for commodities as well as for capital are at present strongly affected by political movements: oil prices are more than 50% higher than one year ago, as the US exit from the Iran nuclear deal puts the long run oil supply from Iran at risk, and the strongly expansionary US tax reform explains the rise in US long run interest rates. . • Uncertainties about the future international trade system cause firms to slow down or even reverse the globalization of value chains. As an early consequence, world trade in the second half of 2018 and in 2019 will expand at much slower rates than during 2017. • In the euro area growth slowed in the first quarter 2018, due to weaker investment activity in France and Italy and, more importantly, a fall in exports in all larger euro area economies except Spain. However, the drivers of the upswing such as low interest rates for credit and expanding real incomes will still be supportive in the near future, and fiscal policies will be slighly more expansionary. But a slowdown in world trade will dent export growth as well as corporate profits. All in all, we expect GDP growth in the euro area to go down from 2.4% in 2017 to 2.1% in 2018 and to 1.7% in 2019 – a forecast that will only be realized if damages to the international trade system are limited and if the European sovereign debt crisis does not come back. • While wage inflation has been slowly increasing during the past quarters to about 2%, a clear upwards trend of core consumer price inflation is still not detectable. The recent jump of the headline rate to 1.9% is due to higher oil prices. Our forecasts for 2018 and 2019 are close, although still below, 2%.
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Did the Swiss Exchange Rate Shock Shock the Market?
Manuel Buchholz, Gregor von Schweinitz, Lena Tonzer
IWH-Diskussionspapiere,
Nr. 9,
2018
Abstract
The Swiss National Bank abolished the exchange rate floor versus the Euro in January 2015. Based on a synthetic matching framework, we analyse the impact of this unexpected (and therefore exogenous) shock on the stock market. The results reveal a significant level shift (decline) in asset prices in Switzerland following the discontinuation of the minimum exchange rate. While adjustments in stock market returns were most pronounced directly after the news announcement, the variance was elevated for some weeks, indicating signs of increased uncertainty and potentially negative consequences for the real economy.
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Do Employers Have More Monopsony Power in Slack Labor Markets?
Boris Hirsch, Elke J. Jahn, Claus Schnabel
ILR Review,
Nr. 3,
2018
Abstract
This article confronts monopsony theory’s predictions regarding workers’ wages with observed wage patterns over the business cycle. Using German administrative data for the years 1985 to 2010 and an estimation framework based on duration models, the authors construct a time series of the labor supply elasticity to the firm and estimate its relationship to the unemployment rate. They find that firms possess more monopsony power during economic downturns. Half of this cyclicality stems from workers’ job separations being less wage driven when unemployment rises, and the other half mirrors that firms find it relatively easier to poach workers. Results show that the cyclicality is more pronounced in tight labor markets with low unemployment, and that the findings are robust to controlling for time-invariant unobserved worker or plant heterogeneity. The authors further document that cyclical changes in workers’ entry wages are of similar magnitude as those predicted under pure monopsonistic wage setting.
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EFN Report Spring 2018: Economic Outlook for the Euro Area in 2018 and 2019
European Forecasting Network
EFN Reports,
Nr. 2,
2018
Abstract
• The world economy is booming. The global upswing is investment-driven, and since investment goods usually have a large import content, it is no surprise that world trade has been buoyant during winter. The very expansionary US fiscal policy (tax reform and lifting of spending caps) could give an additional shortterm stimulus for the world economy. • However, we forecast world trade to slow down during 2018. The US administration’s announcement of high tariffs on steel and aluminium comes close to triggering a spiral into a broader trade conflict. Moreover, the globalization of value chains has been slowing down since the financial crisis due to the industrial upgrading in China and in other emerging economies that has declined processing trade. In addition, some types of manufacturing jobs have returned to source countries (reshoring) in response to technology innovation and lower labour costs differentials. • The euro area is in the middle of a broad based cyclical upswing. Higher exports and improved expectations have induced firms to invest more into equipment, as capacity utilization has been above average for some time now and is still increasing, and financing costs are very low. However, recent soft indicators, but also industrial production have been surprisingly downbeat, and there was some turbulence in financial markets, which suggests some caution. • The ECB will probably stop its asset purchase program at the end of 2018, but only later in 2019 start raising interest rates. Fiscal policy in the euro area is slightly expansionary this year, and a notable fiscal stimulus in France and in Germany is to be expected for 2019. • Overall, we forecast euro area GDP to expand by 2.2% in 2018 and by 1.6% in 2019. Accelerating wage dynamics will, together with higher price setting powers of firms and the recent increase in oil prices, cause consumer price inflation rising to nearly to 2% in 2019. Uncertainty, is however substantial, as a slight slowdown cannot be ruled out, which would also impact inflation dynamics.
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Regional Banking Instability and FOMC Voting
Stefan Eichler, Tom Lähner, Felix Noth
Journal of Banking & Finance,
2018
Abstract
This study analyzes if regionally affiliated Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) members take their districts’ regional banking sector instability into account when they vote. Considering the period 1979–2010, we find that a deterioration in a district's bank health increases the probability that this district's representative in the FOMC votes to ease interest rates. According to member-specific characteristics, the effect of regional banking sector instability on FOMC voting behavior is most pronounced for Bank presidents (as opposed to Governors) and FOMC members who have career backgrounds in the financial industry or who represent a district with a large banking sector.
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Internationale Konjunkturprognose und konjunkturelle Szenarien für die Jahre 2016 bis 2021
Andrej Drygalla, Oliver Holtemöller, Axel Lindner
IWH Online,
Nr. 3,
2017
Abstract
In der vorliegenden Studie werden zunächst die weltweiten konjunkturellen Aussichten für das Ende des Jahres 2016 und für die Jahre 2017 bis 2021 dargestellt. Dabei wird folgender Länderkreis betrachtet: Deutschland, Österreich, Frankreich, Italien, Spanien, die Niederlande, Belgien, Griechenland, Portugal, Irland, Großbritannien, Schweden, Polen, Tschechien, Russland, USA, Kanada, Mexiko, Brasilien, Türkei, Japan, Südkorea, China, Indien und Australien. Die Weltkonjunktur dürfte im dritten Quartal 2016 deutlich angezogen haben. Im weiteren Prognoseverlauf dürfte sich die Expansion mit etwas geringerem Tempo fortsetzen. In den Schwellenländern wird die Konjunktur im Allgemeinen an Fahrt gewinnen, allerdings dürften die Stimulierungsmaßnahmen in China den dortigen Trend zu niedrigeren Wachstumsraten nur vorübergehend überlagern. Getragen wird die weltwirtschaftliche Expansion voraussichtlich weiterhin vom privaten Konsum. Die Beschäftigung in den USA, im Euroraum und in Japan dürfte weiter spürbar steigen. Allerdings fallen die Kaufkraftgewinne durch die zuvor gefallenen Ölpreise allmählich weg.
Die Entscheidung der britischen Bevölkerung, aus der EU auszutreten, ist auch Zeichen für die in vielen Ländern der Welt zunehmend negative Wahrnehmung von Globalisierungsprozessen. Setzt sich diese Tendenz politisch durch, könnte es zu weiteren Desintegrationsschritten in der Weltwirtschaft kommen, die ein geringeres Wirtschaftswachstum zur Folge hätten.
Die wahrscheinlichste wirtschaftliche Entwicklung in dem betrachteten Länderkreis (Basisszenario) wird anhand grundlegender volkswirtschaftlicher Kennzahlen, etwa der Zuwachsrate des Bruttoinlandsprodukts, beschrieben. Es wird auch die Entwicklung für den Fall skizziert, dass die Weltwirtschaft eine ungünstige, eine sehr ungünstige Wendung (mittelschweres und schweres Negativszenario), oder auch eine günstigeWendung nimmt (Positivszenario). Das mittelschwere Negativszenario ist so gewählt, dass die gesamtwirtschaftliche Produktion in der betrachteten Ländergruppe im Jahr 2016 gemäß der aus dem Modell resultierenden Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilung nur mit einer Wahrscheinlichkeit von 10% noch geringer ausfällt; das schwere Negativszenario ist so gewählt, dass sich mit einerWahrscheinlichkeit von nur 1% eine noch geringere Produktion realisieren dürfte. Das Positivszenario wird schließlich so gewählt, dass es mit einer Wahrscheinlichkeit von nur 10% zu einer noch höheren Produktion in der genannten Ländergruppe kommen dürfte.
Im Basisszenario liegt der weltwirtschaftliche Produktionszuwachs im Jahr 2016 bei 2,5%. Im Jahr 2017 liegt er mit 2,9% etwas höher, vor allem, weil mit einer kräftigeren Konjunktur in den USA und einem Auslaufen der Rezessionen in Russland und in Brasilien gerechnet wird. Im Fall eines mittelschweren Einbruchs bleibt die Zuwachsrate der Weltproduktion im Jahr 2017 mit 1,2% um 1,7 Prozentpunkte unter der Rate im Basisszenario, im Fall eines schweren Einbruchs mit -0,2% um 3,1 Prozentpunkte. Relativ gering betroffen wäre entsprechend den Stressszenarien China. Besonders stark sind dagegen mit Russland, Brasilien, Mexiko und der Türkei andere wichtige Schwellenländer betroffen. Deutschland ist mit einem Verlust an Zuwachs von 1,8% im Fall eines schweren Einbruchs etwas stärker betroffen als der Durchschnitt aller Länder. Hier schlägt wohl zu Buche, dass die deutsche Wirtschaft stark von der Nachfrage nach Investitionsgütern abhängt, welche besonders konjunkturreagibel ist.
Die länderspezifischen Szenarien erlauben auch die Antwort auf die Frage, wie stark die deutsche Wirtschaft von dem Wirtschaftseinbruch eines bestimmten Landes betroffen ist. Der über die Jahre ab 2017 kumulierte Produktionsverlust in Deutschland ist bei einem schweren Einbruch der Konjunktur in den USA und in Großbritannien am höchsten; es folgen China und die Niederlande. Auffallend ist ein relativ geringer Effekt einer Konjunkturkrise im großen Nachbarland Frankreich.
Ein Hauptrisiko für die Konjunktur in Europa ist gegenwärtig die Möglichkeit, dass es zu einem Wirtschaftseinbruch in Italien kommt. Deshalb wird der Frage nachgegangen, welche Auswirkungen einWirtschaftseinbruch in Italien auf andere Länder insbesondere in Europa hätte. Die Produktionsverluste wären für Griechenland, Spanien und Österreich besonders hoch. Für die Produktion in Deutschland sind keine negativen Folgen zu sehen. Dafür gibt es zwei Ursachen: Zunächst ist der Anteil nach Italien exportierter Güter an den deutschen Ausfuhren deutlich geringer als im Fall der oben genannten Länder. Zum anderen dämpft die EZB durch zusätzliche expansive Maßnahmen die negativen Effekte des italienischen Wirtschaftseinbruchs für den Euroraum.
Zuletzt wird ein Szenario betrachtet, in dem ein mehrjähriger weltwirtschaftlicher Wirtschaftseinbruch mit einer deutlichen Erhöhung der Zinsen einhergeht. Ein solches Szenario könnte sich etwa aus einem Verlust an Vertrauen von Unternehmen und Haushalten in die Stabilitätsorientierung der Geldpolitik entwickeln. In einem solchen Fall können die Zentralbanken gezwungen sein, ihre Reputation durch eine Hochzinspolitik wieder herzustellen auch unter Inkaufnahme einer längeren Phase gesamtwirtschaftlicher Unterauslastung. Besonders stark würde im Vergleich mit dem schweren Negativszenario die Produktion in Griechenland und Irland getroffen werden, also in Volkswirtschaften, die sich in der Großen Rezession als labil gezeigt haben. Aber auch Deutschland und Großbritannien wären überdurchschnittlich stark betroffen. Die britische Wirtschaft reagiert typischerweise besonders stark auf Schwankungen des heimischen Zinsniveaus, und die deutsche Konjunktur dürfte auf Schwankungen des Weltzinsniveaus stärker reagieren als die meisten anderen Volkswirtschaften, denn weltweit höhere Zinsen dürften besonders stark die Nachfrage nach Investitionsgütern dämpfen, für die Deutschland ein wichtiger Anbieter ist.
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Regional, Individual and Political Determinants of FOMC Members' Key Macroeconomic Forecasts
Stefan Eichler, Tom Lähner
Journal of Forecasting,
Nr. 1,
2018
Abstract
We study Federal Open Market Committee members' individual forecasts of inflation and unemployment in the period 1992–2004. Our results imply that Governors and Bank presidents forecast differently, with Governors submitting lower inflation and higher unemployment rate forecasts than bank presidents. For Bank presidents we find a regional bias, with higher district unemployment rates being associated with lower inflation and higher unemployment rate forecasts. Bank presidents' regional bias is more pronounced during the year prior to their elections or for nonvoting bank presidents. Career backgrounds or political affiliations also affect individual forecast behavior.
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The European Refugee Crisis and the Natural Rate of Output
Katja Heinisch, Klaus Wohlrabe
Applied Economics Letters,
Nr. 16,
2017
Abstract
The European Commission follows a harmonized approach for calculating structural (potential) output for EU member states that takes into account labour as an important ingredient. This article shows how the recent huge migrants’ inflow to Europe affects trend output. Due to the fact that the immigrants immediately increase the working population but effectively do not enter the labour market, we illustrate that the potential output is potentially upward biased without any corrections. Taking Germany as an example, we find that the average medium-term potential growth rate is lower if the migration flow is modelled adequately compared to results based on the unadjusted European Commission procedure.
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The Effects of Fiscal Policy in an Estimated DSGE Model – The Case of the German Stimulus Packages During the Great Recession
Andrej Drygalla, Oliver Holtemöller, Konstantin Kiesel
Abstract
In this paper, we analyse the effects of the stimulus packages adopted by the German government during the Great Recession. We employ a standard medium-scale dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model extended by non-optimising households and a detailed fiscal sector. In particular, the dynamics of spending and revenue variables are modeled as feedback rules with respect to the cyclical component of output. Based on the estimated rules, fiscal shocks are identified. According to the results, fiscal policy, in particular public consumption, investment, transfers and changes in labour tax rates including social security contributions prevented a sharper and prolonged decline of German output at the beginning of the Great Recession, suggesting a timely response of fiscal policy. The overall effects, however, are small when compared to other domestic and international shocks that contributed to the economic downturn. Our overall findings are not sensitive to the allowance of fiscal foresight.
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Economic Transition in Unified Germany and Implications for Korea
Hyung-Gon Jeong, Gerhard Heimpold
H.-G. Jeong and G. Heimpold (eds.): Economic Transition in Unified Germany and Implications for Korea. Policy References 17-13. Sejong: Korea Institute for International Economic Policy,
2017
Abstract
The reunification of Germany, which marked the end of the Cold War in the 20th century, is regarded as one of the most exemplary cases of social integration in human history. Nearly three decades after the German reunification, the economic and social shocks that occurred at the beginning of the reunification process have largely been resolved. Moreover, the unified Germany has grown into one of the most advanced economies in the world.
The unification process that Germany underwent may not necessarily be the way that the Republic of Korea would choose. However, the economic and social exchanges between East and West Germany prior to unification, and the cooperation in a myriad of policies based on these exchanges, served as the crucial foundation for unification. The case of Germany will surely help us find a better way for the re-unification of the Korean Peninsula.
In this context, this is the first edition of a joint research which provides diverse insights on social and economic issues during the process of unification. It consists of nine chapters whose main topics include policies on macroeconomic stabilization, the privatization of state-owned enterprises in East Germany, labor policies and the migration of labor, integration of the social safety nets of the North and South, and securing finances for reunification. To start with, the first part covers macroeconomic stabilization measures, which include policies implemented by the federal government of Germany to overcome macroeconomic shocks directly after the reunification. There was a temporary setback in the economy at the initial phase of reunification as the investment per GDP went down and the level of fiscal debt escalated, reverting to its original trend prior to the reunification. While it appears the momentum for growth was compromised by reunification from the perspective of growth rate of real GDP, this state did not last long and benefits have outpaced the costs since 2000.
In the section which examines the privatization of state-owned enterprises in East Germany, an analysis was conducted on the modernization of industrial infrastructure of East German firms. There was a surge in investment in East German area at the beginning stages but this was focused on a specific group of firms. Most of the firms were privatized through unofficial channels, with a third of these conducted in a management buy-out (MBO) process that was highly effective. Further analysis of a firm called Jenoptik, which was successfully bailed out, is incorporated as to draw implications of its accomplishments.
In the section on migration, we examine how the gap between the unemployment rates in the West and East have narrowed as the population flow shifted from the West to East. Consequently, there was no significant deviation in terms of the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) per capita in each state of East Germany. However, as the labor market stabilized in East Germany and population flows have weakened, the deviation will become larger. Meanwhile, if we make a prediction about the movement of population between the North and the South, which show a remarkable difference in their economic circumstances, a radical reunification process such as Germany’s case would force 7% of the population of the North to move towards the South. Upon reunification, the estimated unemployment rate in North Korea would remain at least 30% for the time being. In order to reduce the initial unemployment rate, it is crucial to design a program that trains the unemployed and to build a system that predicts changes in labor demand.
It seems nearly impossible to apply the social safety nets of the South to the North, as there is a systemic difference in ideologies. Taking steps toward integration would be the most suitable option in the case of the Koreas. We propose to build a sound groundwork for stabilizing the interest rates and exchange rates, maintain stable fiscal policies, raise momentum for economic growth and make sure people understand the means required to financially support the North in order to reduce the gap between the two.
This book was jointly organized and edited by Dr. Hyung-gon Jeong of the Korea Institute for International Economic Policy (KIEP) and Dr. Gerhard Heimpold of the Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH). We believe that this report, which examines numerous social and economic agendas that emerged during the reunification of Germany, will provide truly important reference for both Koreas. It is also our view that it will serve as a stepping-stone to establish policies in regard to South-North exchanges across numerous sectors prior to discussions of reunification. KIEP will continue to work with IWH and contribute its expertise to the establishment of grounds for unification policies.
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