Trade Shocks, Labour Markets and Migration in the First Globalisation
Richard Bräuer, Felix Kersting
Economic Journal,
im Erscheinen
Abstract
This paper studies the economic and political effects of a large trade shock in agriculture—the grain invasion from the Americas—in Prussia during the first globalisation (1870–913). We show that this shock led to a decline in the employment rate and overall income. However, we do not observe declining per capita income and political polarisation, which we explain by a strong migration response. Our results suggest that the negative and persistent effects of trade shocks we see today are not a universal feature of globalisation, but depend on labour mobility. For our analysis, we digitise data from Prussian industrial and agricultural censuses on the county level and combine them with national trade data at the product level. We exploit the cross-regional variation in cultivated crops within Prussia and instrument with Italian and United States trade data to isolate exogenous variation.
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Discrimination on the Child Care Market: A Nationwide Field Experiment?
Henning Hermes, Philipp Lergetporer, Fabian Mierisch, Frauke Peter, Simon Wiederhold
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 12,
2023
Abstract
We provide the first causal evidence of discrimination against migrants seeking child care. We send emails from fictitious parents to > 18,000 early child care centers across Germany, asking if there is a slot available and how to apply. Randomly varying names to signal migration background, we find that migrants receive 4.4 percentage points fewer responses. Responses to migrants also contain substantially fewer slot offers, are shorter, and less encouraging. Exploring channels, discrimination against migrants does not differ by the perceived educational background of the email sender. However, it does differ by regional characteristics, being stronger in areas with lower shares of migrants in child care, higher right-wing vote shares, and lower financial resources. Discrimination on the child care market likely perpetuates existing inequalities of opportunities for disadvantaged children.
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IWH-Insolvenztrend: Leichter Rückgang bei Firmenpleiten im November Deutlich schneller als die amtliche Statistik...
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Why Is the Roy-Borjas Model Unable to Predict International Migrant Selection on Education? Evidence from Urban and Rural Mexico ...
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Ostdeutschland
Die garstige Lücke Warum Ostdeutschland auch 30 Jahre nach der Vereinigung um 20% ärmer ist...
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Trade Shocks, Labour Markets and Elections in the First Globalisation
Richard Bräuer, Wolf-Fabian Hungerland, Felix Kersting
Abstract
This paper studies the economic and political effects of a large trade shock in agriculture – the grain invasion from the Americas – in Prussia during the first globalisation (1871-1913). We show that this shock accelerated the structural change in the Prussian economy through migration of workers to booming cities. In contrast to studies using today’s data, we do not observe declining per capita income and political polarisation in counties affected by foreign competition. Our results suggest that the negative and persistent effects of trade shocks we see today are not a universal feature of globalisation, but depend on labour mobility. For our analysis, we digitise data from Prussian industrial and agricultural censuses on the county level and combine it with national trade data at the product level. We exploit the cross-regional variation in cultivated crops within Prussia and instrument with Italian trade data to isolate exogenous variation.
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Power Generation and Structural Change: Quantifying Economic Effects of the Coal Phase-out in Germany
Katja Heinisch, Oliver Holtemöller, Christoph Schult
Energy Economics,
2021
Abstract
In the fight against global warming, the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is a major objective. In particular, a decrease in electricity generation by coal could contribute to reducing CO2 emissions. We study potential economic consequences of a coal phase-out in Germany, using a multi-region dynamic general equilibrium model. Four regional phase-out scenarios before the end of 2040 are simulated. We find that the worst case phase-out scenario would lead to an increase in the aggregate unemployment rate by about 0.13 [0.09 minimum; 0.18 maximum] percentage points from 2020 to 2040. The effect on regional unemployment rates varies between 0.18 [0.13; 0.22] and 1.07 [1.00; 1.13] percentage points in the lignite regions. A faster coal phase-out can lead to a faster recovery. The coal phase-out leads to migration from German lignite regions to German non-lignite regions and reduces the labour force in the lignite regions by 10,100 [6300; 12,300] people by 2040. A coal phase-out until 2035 is not worse in terms of welfare, consumption and employment compared to a coal-exit until 2040.
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Regionale Disparitäten in Demographie und Migration — Ein Rückblick aus ostdeutscher Perspektive
Alexander Kubis, Lutz Schneider
Beitrag in IWH-Sammelwerk,
Festschrift für Gerhard Heimpold, IWH
2020
Abstract
Ostdeutschland schrumpft, Westdeutschland wächst. Dieser Eindruck drängt sich aus demographischer Sicht auf, wenn die Bevölkerungsentwicklung seit 1989 betrachtet wird. Lebten auf dem Gebiet der fünf östlichen Bundesländer Ende 1988 noch 15,4 Millionen Personen, so waren es Ende 2018 nur 12,6 Millionen Personen – ein Rückgang um fast drei Millionen Einwohner oder beinahe 20%. Die zehn westlichen Bundesländer wuchsen im selben Zeitraum von 59,6 Millionen auf 66,8 Millionen Einwohner. Der überwiegende Teil dieser unterschiedlichen demographischen Entwicklung ist der räumlichen Umverteilung von Bevölkerung geschuldet, einerseits der Nettobinnenwanderung von Ost- nach Westdeutschland, andererseits der sehr unterschiedlichen Verteilung der Nettoaußenwanderungen. Die Umverteilung der Bevölkerung ist dabei nicht homogen, vielmehr in starkem Maße selektiv – vor allem in den Dimensionen von Ausbildung, Alter, Geschlecht und Nationalität.
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