Staatliche Nachfrage als Treiber privater Forschungs- und Entwicklungsaktivitäten
Viktor Slavtchev, Simon Wiederhold
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
Nr. 3,
2016
Abstract
Der Staat fragt Produkte und Dienstleistungen mit ganz unterschiedlichem technologischen Niveau nach – von Büroklammern bis zu Forschungssatelliten. Dieser Beitrag zeigt zunächst in einem theoretischen Modell, dass der Staat durch die technologische Intensität seiner Nachfrage den Markt für technologieintensive Produkte und Dienstleistungen erweitern kann. Denn eine stärkere staatliche Nachfrage nach innovativen Produkten und Dienstleistungen erlaubt es privaten Unternehmen, die überwiegend fixen Kosten für Forschung und Entwicklung auf größere Absatzmengen umzulegen, lässt die privaten Erträge aus Forschung und Entwicklung ansteigen und generiert somit zusätzliche Anreize, in die Entwicklung neuer Technologien zu investieren. Anhand von Daten aus den USA wird auch empirisch belegt, dass eine – budgetneutrale – Erhöhung der technologischen Intensität der staatlichen Nachfrage die privaten FuE-Ausgaben erhöht. Damit rückt die staatliche Nachfrage erneut in die Diskussion über mögliche Instrumente einer effektiven Wirtschafts- und Innovationspolitik.
Artikel Lesen
FDI, Human Capital and Income Convergence — Evidence for European Regions
Björn Jindra, Philipp Marek, Dominik Völlmecke
Economic Systems,
Nr. 2,
2016
Abstract
This study examines income convergence in regional GDP per capita for a sample of 269 regions within the European Union (EU) between 2003 and 2010. We use an endogenous broad capital model based on foreign direct investment (FDI) induced agglomeration economies and human capital. By applying a Markov chain approach to a new dataset that exploits micro-aggregated sub-national FDI statistics, the analysis provides insights into regional income growth dynamics within the EU. Our results indicate a weak process of overall income convergence across EU regions. This does not apply to the dynamics within Central and East European countries (CEECs), where we find indications of a poverty trap. In contrast to FDI, regional human capital seems to be associated with higher income levels. However, we identify a positive interaction of FDI and human capital in their relation with income growth dynamics.
Artikel Lesen
28.06.2016 • 28/2016
Der Mindestlohn steigt deutlich stärker als Preise und Produktivität
Die Mindestlohnkommission hat am heutigen Tag beschlossen, dass der flächendeckende gesetzliche Mindestlohn in Deutschland zum 01.01.2017 um 4% auf 8,84 Euro steigen soll. Dieser Anstieg liegt deutlich über dem Anstieg der Lebenshaltungskosten und dem Produktivitätsfortschritt. Daher verschlechtert sich die Profitabilität betroffener Unternehmen noch einmal spürbar.
Oliver Holtemöller
Lesen
Is the 'Central German Metropolitan Region' Spatially Integrated? An Empirical Assessment of Commuting Relations
Albrecht Kauffmann
Urban Studies,
Nr. 9,
2016
Abstract
The 'Central German Metropolitan Region' is a network of cities and their surroundings, located in the three East-German states of Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia. It was founded to bring the bundled strengths of these cities into an inter-municipal cooperation, for making use of the possible advantages of a polycentric region. As theory claims, a precondition for gains from polycentricity is spatial integration of the region. In particular, markets for high skilled labour should be integrated. To assess how this precondition is fulfilled in Central Germany, in the framework of a doubly constrained gravity model the commuting relations between the functional regions of the (until 2013) 11 core cities of the network are analysed. In particular for higher educated employees, the results display that commuting relations are determined not only by distance, but also by the state borders that cross the area.
Artikel Lesen
Does the Technological Content of Government Demand Matter for Private R&D? Evidence from US States
Viktor Slavtchev, Simon Wiederhold
American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics,
Nr. 2,
2016
Abstract
Governments purchase everything from airplanes to zucchini. This paper investigates the role of the technological content of government procurement in innovation. In a theoretical model, we first show that a shift in the composition of public purchases toward high-tech products translates into higher economy-wide returns to innovation, leading to an increase in the aggregate level of private R&D. Using unique data on federal procurement in US states and performing panel fixed-effects estimations, we find support for the model's prediction of a positive R&D effect of the technological content of government procurement. Instrumental-variable estimations suggest a causal interpretation of our findings.
Artikel Lesen
24.02.2016 • 8/2016
Regionale Verteilung von Flüchtlingen in Deutschland
Angesichts hoher Flüchtlingszahlen und der nicht funktionsfähigen gemeinsamen europäischen Asylpolitik muss die regionale Verteilung der Flüchtlinge in Deutschland nach Einschätzung des IWH neu überdacht werden. Soziale Netzwerke und die regionale Arbeitsmarktlage sind dabei wichtige Indikatoren. Eine optimale Verteilung ist mit bürokratischen Mitteln allerdings kaum zu erreichen. Letztlich müssen Marktkräfte einen interregionalen Ausgleich unterstützen. Dafür bedarf es aber entsprechender Anreize sowohl für die Flüchtlinge als auch für die politischen Entscheidungsträger vor Ort – eine Herausforderung für Regionalpolitik und Finanzausgleich.
Oliver Holtemöller
Lesen
17.02.2016 • 6/2016
Nach Einführung des Mindestlohns: Höherer Stundenlohn, aber geringere Arbeitszeit bei Ungelernten
Ein Jahr nach Einführung des flächendeckenden gesetzlichen Mindestlohns in Höhe von 8,50 Euro brutto je Stunde ist die Diskussion über die Beschäftigungseffekte dieser Maßnahme in vollem Gange. Die momentan verfügbaren Daten deuten zwar nicht darauf hin, dass Arbeitsplätze in großem Umfang weggefallen sind, aber die wöchentliche Arbeitszeit Ungelernter ist in vom Mindestlohn besonders betroffenen Bundesländern gesunken.
Oliver Holtemöller
Lesen
Support for Public Research Spin-offs by the Parent Organizations and the Speed of Commercialization
Viktor Slavtchev, D. Göktepe-Hultén
Abstract
We empirically analyze whether support by the parent organization in the early (nascent and seed) stage speeds up the process of commercialization and helps spin-offs from public research organizations generate first revenues sooner. To identify the impact of support by the parent organization, we apply multivariate regression techniques as well as an instrumental variable approach. Our results show that support in the early stage by the parent organization can speed up commercialization. Moreover, we identify two distinct channels - the help in developing a business plan and in acquiring external capital - through which support by the parent organization can enable spin-offs to generate first revenues sooner.
Artikel Lesen
The Structure and Evolution of Inter-sectoral Technological Complementarity in R&D in Germany from 1990 to 2011
T. Broekel, Matthias Brachert
Journal of Evolutionary Economics,
Nr. 4,
2015
Abstract
Technological complementarity is argued to be a crucial element for effective R&D collaboration. The real structure is, however, still largely unknown. Based on the argument that organizations’ knowledge resources must fit for enabling collective learning and innovation, we use the co-occurrence of firms in collaborative R&D projects in Germany to assess inter-sectoral technological complementarity between 129 sectors. The results are mapped as complementarity space for the Germany economy. The space and its dynamics from 1990 to 2011 are analyzed by means of social network analysis. The results illustrate sectors being complements both from a dyadic and portfolio/network perspective. This latter is important, as complementarities may only become fully effective when integrated in a complete set of different knowledge resources from multiple sectors. The dynamic perspective moreover reveals the shifting demand for knowledge resources among sectors at different time periods.
Artikel Lesen
R&D Cooperation with Scientific Institutions: A Difference-in-difference Approach
Gunnar Pippel, V. Seefeld
Economics of Innovation and New Technology,
Nr. 5,
2016
Abstract
Economists and business managers have long been interested in the impact of research and development (R&D) cooperation with scientific institutions on the innovation performance of firms. Recent research identifies a positive correlation between these two variables. This paper aims to contribute to the identification of the relationship between R&D cooperation with scientific institutions and the product and process innovation performance of firms by using a difference-in-difference approach. In doing so, we distinguish between two different types of scientific institutions: universities and governmental research institutes. For the econometric analyses, we use data from the German Community Innovation Survey. In total, data from up to 560 German service and manufacturing firms are available for the difference-in-difference analyses. The results suggest that R&D cooperation with universities and governmental research institutes has a positive effect on both product innovation and process innovation performance of firms.
Artikel Lesen
