Incubator Age and Incubation Time: Determinants of Firm Survival after Graduation?
Michael Schwartz
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 14,
2008
Abstract
On the basis of a sample of 149 graduate firms from five German technology oriented business incubators, this article contributes to incubator/incubation literature by investigating the effects of the age of the business incubators and the firms’ incubation time in securing long-term survival of the firms after leaving the incubator facilities. The empirical findings from Cox-proportional hazards regression and parametric accelerated failure time models reveal a statistically negative impact for both variables incubator age and incubation time on post-graduation firm survival. One possible explanation for these results is that, when incubator managers become increasingly involved in various regional development activities (e.g. coaching of regional network initiatives), this may reduce the effectiveness of incubator support and therefore the survival chances of firms.
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Globalisation and the Competitiveness of the Euro Area
Filippo di Mauro, Katrin Forster
ECB Occasional Paper Series,
Nr. 97,
2008
Abstract
Against the background of increasing competition and other significant structural changes implied by globalisation, maintaining and enhancing competitiveness has evolved into one of the prime concerns in most countries. Following up on previous work (see in particular ECB Occasional Papers No. 30 and No. 55), this Occasional Paper examines the latest developments and prospects for the competitiveness and trade performance of the euro area and the euro area countries. Starting from an analysis of most commonly used, traditional competitiveness indicators, the paper largely confirms the findings of previous studies that there have been substantial adjustments in euro area trade. Euro area firms have taken advantage of the new opportunities offered by globalisation, and have at the same time been increasingly challenged by emerging economies. This is primarily reflected in the loss of export market shares which have been recorded over the last decade. While these can partly be related to the losses in the euro area's price competitiveness, further adjustment also seems warranted with regard to the export specialisation. Compared with other advanced competitors, the euro area remains relatively more specialised in labour intensive categories of goods and has shown only a few signs of a stronger specialisation in research-intensive goods. Nevertheless, the paper generally calls for a more cautious approach when assessing the prospects for euro area competitiveness, as globalisation has made it increasingly difficult to define and measure competitiveness. Stressing the need to take a broader view on competitiveness, specifically with a stronger emphasis on productivity performance, the paper also introduces a more elaborate framework that takes into account the interactions between country-specific factors and firm-level productivity. It thus makes it possible to construct more broadly defined competitiveness measures. Pointing to four key factors determining the global competitiveness of euro area countries - market accessibility, market size, technological leadership of firms and institutional set-up - the analysis provides further arguments for continuing efforts to increase market integration and strengthen the competitive environment within Europe as a mean of enhancing resource allocation and coping with the challenges globalisation creates.
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Regional origins of employment volatility: evidence from German states
Claudia M. Buch
CES IFO Working Paper No. 2296,
2008
Abstract
Greater openness for trade can have positive welfare effects in terms of higher growth. But increased openness may also increase uncertainty through a higher volatility of employment. We use regional data from Germany to test whether openness for trade has an impact on volatility. We find a downward trend in the unconditional volatility of employment, paralleling patterns for output volatility. The conditional volatility of employment, measuring idiosyncratic developments across states, in contrast, has remained fairly unchanged. In contrast to evidence for the US, we do not find a significant link between employment volatility and trade openness.
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The Achilles Heel of the EMU: The Labour Markets
Hubert Gabrisch
Einzelveröffentlichungen,
Nr. 1,
2008
Abstract
Recent diverging labour cost developments among EMU countries, affecting the trade and inflation position of each country, raise some doubts regarding the equal distribution of costs and benefits of shocks among the member countries and, hence, the long term stability of the Euro.
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Spillover Effects of Spatial Growth Poles - a Reconciliation of Conflicting Policy Targets?
Alexander Kubis, Mirko Titze, Joachim Ragnitz
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 8,
2007
Abstract
Regional economic policy faces the challenge of two competing policy goals - reducing regional economic disparities vs. promoting economic growth. The allocation of public funds has to weigh these goals particularly under the restriction of scarce financial re- sources. If, however, some region turns out to be a regional growth pole with positive spillovers to its disadvantaged periphery, regional policies could be designed to recon- cile the conflicting targets. In this case, peripheral regions could indirectly participate in the economic development of their growing cores. We start our investigation by defining and identifying such growth poles among German regions on the NUTS 3 administrative level based on spatial and sectoral effects. Using cluster analysis, we determine significant characteristics for the general identification of growth poles. Patterns in the sectoral change are identified by means of the change in the employment. Finally, we analyze whether and to what extent these growth poles ex- ert spatial spillover effects on neighbouring regions and thus mitigate contradictory in- terests in regional public policy. For this purpose, we apply a Spatial-Cross-Regressive- Model (SCR-Model) including the change in the secondary sector which allows to con- sider functional economic relations on the administrative level chosen (NUTS 3).
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Africa – Commodity Dependence, Resource Curse and Export Diversification. African Development Perspectives Yearbook 2007, Vol. 12
Tobias Knedlik, Chicot Eboué, Achim Gutowski, Afeikhena Jerome, Touna Mama, Mareike Meyn, Karl Wohlmuth
,
2007
Abstract
Volume 12 des African Development Perspectives Yearbook behandelt in Form von Länderstudien den Zustand der afrikanischen Primärgüterabhängigkeit, die Bemühungen um Exportdiversifizierung und die Anfälligkeit für Krisen. Diese Probleme werden im Kontext des Ressourcenreichtums, insbesondere der strategisch wichtigen Ölvorkommen, betrachtet. Die hohe Abhängigkeit afrikanischer Länder von wenigen primären Exportgütern ist zudem eine Ursache für Konflikte. In dieser Ausgabe des African Development Perspectives Yearbook liegt der Fokus auf der Krisenanfälligkeit von rohstoffreichen, hauptsächlich ölexportierenden afrikanischen Ländern. Ausgehend von den Erfahrungen in verschiedenen rohstoffreichen Ländern werden Strategien zur Exportdiversifizierung, Optionen zur Schaffung politischer Stabilität als Voraussetzung für steigende Investitionen, Strategien zur Rekonstruktion und zur nachhaltigen politischen und ökonomischen Entwicklung diskutiert. Es wird analysiert, wie Länder dem Primärgüterabhängigkeitsproblem mit Hilfe pro-aktiver Wirtschaftspolitik und der Lösung politischer Konflikte entkommen können.
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The State of Convergence in SADC
Tobias Knedlik, F. Povel
Monitoring Regional Integration in Southern Africa Yearbook, Vol. 7,
Nr. 7,
2007
Abstract
Der Vertrag der Southern African Development Community (SADC) beinhalted eine Agenda zur regionalen Integration, die das Ziel der Errichtung einer Währungsunion bis zum Jahr 2018 einschließt. Um Schlussfolgerungen bezüglich der Durchführbarkeit und Optimalität einer Währungsunion zu ziehen, kann auf makroökonomische Konvergenzanalysen zurückgegriffen werden. In diesem Beitrag werden Unit-Root-Tests im Stile von Im, Pesaran und Shin (2003) durchgeführt, um auf Konvergenz zwischen den Ländern des südliche Afrika zu testen. Die Testergebnisse zeigen, dass die Länder des südlichen Afrika in Richtung Südafrikas konvergieren.
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Passports and economic development: an anthropometric history of the US elite in the nineteenth century.
Marco Sunder
Dissertation, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität,
2007
Abstract
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Länder-Rankings - Komplexitätsreduktion oder Zahlenalchemie
Ullrich Heilemann, Harald Lehmann, Joachim Ragnitz
Wirtschaftsdienst,
Nr. 7,
2007
Abstract
In den vergangenen Jahren sind eine Reihe internationaler Rankings zur Wettbewerbsfähigkeit von Volkswirtschaften veröffentlicht worden, die laufend aktualisiert, aber auch modifiziert werden. Auf der Grundlage umfangreicher Kennzahlensysteme werden hierbei Indizes berechnet, die Aussagen über die aktuelle und künftige wirtschaftliche Leistungsfähigkeit der betrachteten Länder liefern sollen. Dies entspringt dem Bedürfnis nach Reduktion hoch dimensionaler, komplexer Zusammenhänge auf einfache Positionsangaben. Am Beispiel der drei in Deutschland bekanntesten Rankings - des "Global Competitiveness Report" des Weltwirtschaftsforums (WEF), Genf, des "World Competitiveness Yearbook" des International Institute for Management Development (IMD), Lausanne, und des "Internationalen Standort-Ranking 2004" der Bertelsmann Stiftung, Gütersloh, - zeigt sich aber, daß solche Rankings in der konkreten Umsetzung aber auch in der Grundkonzeption erhebliche Defizite aufweisen. Im Artikel werden die Ergebnisse eines entsprechenden Gutachtens zur Beurteilung der Aussagekraft dieser Rankings vorgestellt und Einwände gegen das Gutachten seitens der Produzenten des "Internationalen Standort-Ranking 2004" entkräftet. Das Gutachten wurden im Auftrag des Bundesfinanzministeriums erstellt.
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Effectiveness of Competition Law: A Panel Data Analysis
Franz Kronthaler
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 7,
2007
Abstract
The paper explores what macroeconomic factors can tell us about the effectiveness of recently enacted national competition laws. Qualitative evidence suggests that numerous countries fall short in implementing competition law. Furthermore, there seems to be significant differences between countries. To examine what factors might contribute to the explanation of effectiveness of competition law panel regression analysis is used. The results indicate that the level of economic development matters, however the institutional learning curve is also relevant. Furthermore, larger countries should be more concerned with competition advocacy activities than smaller countries and it seems to be the case that the problem of capture of competition law is serious in countries with high levels of corruption.
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