Firm-Specific Determinants of Productivity Gaps between East and West German Industrial Branches
Johannes Stephan, Karin Szalai
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 183,
2003
Abstract
Industrial productivity levels of formerly socialist economies in Central East Europe (including East Germany) are considerably lower than in the more mature Western economies. This research aims at assessing the reasons for lower productivities at the firm level: what are the firm-specific determinants of productivity gaps. To assess this, we have conducted an extensive field study and focussed on a selection of two important manufacturing industries, namely machinery manufacturers and furniture manufacturers, and on the construction industry. Using the data generated in field work, we test a set of determinant-candidates which were derived from theory and prior research in that topic. Our analysis uses the simplest version of the matched-pair approach, in which first hypothesis about relevant productivity level-determinants are tested. In a second step, positively tested hypothesis are further assessed in terms of whether they also constitute firm-specific determinants of the apparent gaps between the firms in our Eastern and such in our Western panels. Our results suggest that the quality of human capital plays an important role in all three industrial branches assessed. Amongst manufacturing firms, networking activities and the use of modern technologies for communication are important reasons for the lower levels of labour productivity in the East. The intensity of long-term strategic planning on behalf of the management turned out to be relevant only for machinery manufacturers. Product and process innovations unexpectedly exhibit an ambiguous picture, as did the extent of specialisation on a small number of products in the firms’ portfolio and the intensity of competition.
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EU Accession Countries’ Specialisation Patterns in Foreign Trade and Domestic Production - What can we infer for catch-up prospects?
Johannes Stephan
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 184,
2003
Abstract
This paper supplements prior analysis on ‘patterns and prospects’ (Stephan, 2003) in which prospects for the speed of future productivity growth were assessed by looking at the specialisation patterns in domestic production. This analysis adds the foreign trade sphere to the results generated in the prior analysis. The refined results are broadly in line with the results from the original analysis, indicating the robustness of our methods applied in either analysis. The most prominent results pertain to Slovenia and the Slovak Republic. Those two countries appear to be best suited for swift productivity catch-up from the viewpoint of sectoral specialisation. Poland and Estonia exhibit the lowest potentials. Only for the case of Poland would results suggest bleak prospects.
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Does Transparency of Central Banks Produce Multiple Equilibria on Currency Markets?
Axel Lindner
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 178,
2003
Abstract
A recent strand of literature (see Morris and Shin 2001) shows that multiple equilibria in models of markets for pegged currencies vanish if there is slightly diverse information between traders. It is known that this approach works only if there is not too precise common knowledge in the market. This has led to the conclusion that central banks should try to avoid making their information common knowledge. We present a model in which more transparency of the central bank means better private information, because each trader utilizes public information according to her own private information. Thus, transparency makes multiple equilibria less likely.
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Vertical and horizontal patterns of intra-industry trade between EU and candidate countries
Hubert Gabrisch
IWH-Sonderhefte,
Nr. 2,
2003
Abstract
Trade between the European Union (EU) and the Transition Economies (TE) is increasingly characterised by intra-industry trade. The decomposition of intra-industry trade into horizontal and vertical shares reveals predominantly vertical structures with decisively more quality advantages for the EU and less quality advantages for TE countries whenever trade has been liberalised. Empirical research on factors determining this structure in a EU-TE framework lags behind theoretical and empirical research on horizontal and vertical trade in other regions of the world. The main objective of this paper is therefore to contribute to the ongoing debate on EU-TE trade structures by offering an explanation of vertical trade. We utilise a cross-country approach in which relative wage differences, country size and income distribution play a leading role. We find first that relative differences in wages (per capita income) and country size explain intraindustry trade when trade is vertical and completely liberalised, and second that crosscountry differences in income distribution play no explanatory role. We conclude that EU firms have been able to increase their product quality and to shift low-quality segments to TE countries. This may suggest a product-quality cycle prevalent in EU-TE trade.
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The use of unit values in estimating trade-related capital flight -The case of CEE countries with special focus on Russia
Hubert Gabrisch, Karin Szalai
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 161,
2002
Abstract
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Bank-Firm Relationships and International Banking Markets
Hans Degryse, Steven Ongena
International Journal of the Economics of Business,
Nr. 3,
2002
Abstract
This paper reviews how long-term relationships between firms and banks shape the structure and integration of banking markets worldwide. Bank relationships arise to span informational asymmetries that are endemic in financial markets. Firm-bank relationships not only entail specific benefits and costs for both the engaged firms and banks, but also directly affect the structure of banking markets. In particular, the sunk cost of screening and monitoring activities and the 'informational capital' collected by the incumbent banks may act as a barrier to entry. The intensity of the existing firm-bank relationships will determine the height of this barrier and shape the structure of international banking markets. For example, in Scandinavia where firms maintain few and strong relationships, foreign banks may only be able to enter successfully through mergers and acquisitions. On the other hand, Southern European firms maintain many bank relationships. Therefore, banks may consider entering Southern European banking markets through direct investment.
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Intra-industry trade between European Union and Transition Economies. Does income distribution matter?
Hubert Gabrisch, Maria Luigia Segnana
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 155,
2002
Abstract
EU-TE trade is increasingly characterised by intra-industry trade. For some countries (Czech Republic), the share of intra-industry trade in total trade with the EU approaches 60 percent. The decomposition of intra-industry trade into horizontal and vertical shares reveals overwhelming vertical structures with strong quality advantages for the EU and shrinking quality advantages for TE countries wherever trade has been liberalised. Empirical research on factors determining this structure in an EU-TE framework has lagged theoretical and empirical research on horizontal trade and vertical trade in other regions of the world. The main objective of this paper is, therefore, to contribute to the ongoing debate over EU-TE trade structures, by offering an explanation of intra-industry trade. We utilize a cross-country approach in which relative wage differences and country size play a leading role. In addition, as implied by a model of the productquality
cycle, we examine income distribution factors as determinates of the emerging
EU-TE structure of trade flows. Using OLS regressions, we find first, that relative
differences in wages (per capita income) and country size explain intra-industry trade, when trade is vertical and completely liberalized and second, that cross country differences in income distribution play no explanatory role. We conclude that if increasing wage differences resulted from an increasing productivity gap between highquality and low-quality industries, then vertical structures will, over the long-term create significant barriers for the increase in TE incomes and lowering EU-TE income differentials.
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Local Taxes and Capital Structure Choice
Reint E. Gropp
International Tax and Public Finance,
Nr. 1,
2002
Abstract
This paper investigates the question of taxation and capital structure choice in Germany. Germany represents an excellent case study for investigating the question of whether and to what extent taxes influence the debt-equity decision of firms, because the relative tax burdens on debt and equity vary greatly across communities. German communities levy local taxes on profits and long-term debt payments in addition to personal and corporate taxes on the federal level. A stylized model is presented incorporating these taxes. The model shows that local taxes create substantial incentives for firms to use debt financing. Furthermore, the paper empirically investigates the effect of local business taxes on the share of debt used to finance incremental investments by German firms. I find that local taxes significantly influence the capital structure choice of firms, controlling for a large number of other factors. In an extensive sensitivity analysis the tax effect are found to be robust across several different specifications.
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Die wirtschaftliche Lage der Republik Belarus - Überalterung des Kapitalstocks wird zur Wachstumsbarriere - achtzehnter Bericht
IWH-Sonderhefte,
Nr. 5,
2001
Abstract
Das reale Bruttoinlandsprodukt und die reale Industrieproduktion nahmen im vergangenen Jahr um 6% bzw. 8% zu. Auch blieb die offiziell registrierte Arbeitslosigkeit weiterhin auf einem sehr niedrigen Niveau von etwa 2% der Erwerbspersonen. Die Republik Belarus gehört aber damit nur auf den ersten Blick zu den wirtschaftlich erfolgreichen Ländern Mittel- und Osteuropas. Diese "Erfolge" wurden nämlich zu einem hohen Preis erkauft: Die Inflationsrate blieb auf einem dreistelligen Niveau (169%). Die Anlageinvestitionen nahmen ab, sodass sich der Zustand des Kapitalstocks weiter verschlechterte. Faktisch besteht der Kapitalstock zur Hälfte aus Anlagen, die vollständig abgeschrieben wurden. Die Wirtschaftspolitik der Regierung setzte vor allem auf die Förderung des privaten Konsums und die Sicherung einer möglichst hohen Beschäftigung, auch durch Aufrechterhaltung unrentabler Produktionen. Ein Strukturwandel fand nicht statt. Die Privatisierung wurde faktisch abgebrochen. Dabei zeigte sich, dass die ständige Steigerung der Reallöhne (12% im vergangenen Jahr) und des privaten Konsums bei rückläufigen Investitionen einen Substanzverzehr nach sich zieht: Der Kapitalstock wurde in konsumierbares Einkommen umgewandelt. Abgesichert wurde diese falsche Politik durch eine übermäßige Ausweitung der Geldmenge, in deren Ergebnis der Monetisierungsgrad der belarussischen Wirtschaft im vergangenen Jahr auf ein Niveau von 5% fiel, welches das geringe Vertrauen in die Währung reflektiert. Das Defizit in der Leistungsbilanz verringerte sich zwar etwas im vergangenen Jahr. Die Steigerung der realen Exporte bei gleichzeitiger Senkung der realen Importe wurde aber durch die drastische Verschlechterung der Terms of Trade, insbesondere im Handel mit Russland (- 20%), weitgehend kompensiert. Die ökonomisch zweifelhafte Konzentration der Exporte auf Russland wurde via Gegengeschäfte, insbesondere Barter, durchgesetzt, in dessen Folge belarussische Exporteure erhebliche Preisabschläge hinnehmen mussten. Auf diese Weise wurde ein Teil des zusätzlichen Volkseinkommens nach Russland transferiert. Positiv ist lediglich zu verbuchen, dass im September des vergangenen Jahres ein einheitlicher Wechselkurs eingeführt wurde. Problematisch am neuen Wechselkurssystem ist allerdings die Einführung eines gleitenden Bandes, wobei die zentrale Parität an den Rubel gebunden wurde. Diese in Vorausnahme der beabsichtigten Währungsunion eingeführte Bindung erhöht die Gefahr einer realen Aufwertung gegenüber dem US-Dollar und dem Euro. Darüber hinaus stellt ein gleitendes Band einen nur schwachen Versuch dar, das fehlende Vertrauen in die Landeswährung wieder herzustellen. Das Wachstum des BIP wird im laufenden Jahr 2001 wahrscheinlich 4% betragen (der Industrie 5%). Die anstehenden Präsidentschaftswahlen in diesem Jahr lassen eine erhebliche Expansion der Reallöhne und der Geldmenge erwarten. Entsprechend dem Muster der vergangenen Jahre würde dies mit einer weiteren Abschwächung der Investitionen und damit einem weiteren Substanzverlust in der Wirtschaft einhergehen. Die Inflationsrate wird trotz erheblicher Ausweitung der Geldmenge mit 150% in etwa auf dem Niveau des Jahres 2000 verbleiben; eine niedrigere Rate wird auch mit neuen administrativen Preiskontrollen kaum zu erreichen sein
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Long term appointment of central bankers: Costs and benefits
Axel Lindner
European Journal of Political Economy,
Nr. 4,
2000
Abstract
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