IT Use, Productivity, and Market Power in Banking
Michael Koetter, Felix Noth
Journal of Financial Stability,
Nr. 4,
2013
Abstract
Information management is a core process in banking that can resolve information asymmetries and thereby help to mitigate competitive pressure. We test if the use of information technology (IT) contributes to bank output, and how IT-augmented bank productivity relates to differences in market power. Detailed bank-level information on the use of IT reveals a substantial upward bias in bank productivity estimates when ignoring banks’ IT expenditures. IT-augmented bank productivity correlates positively with Lerner markups. A mere increase in IT expenditures, however, reduces markups. Results hold across a range of bank output definitions and productivity estimation methods.
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How Do Insured Deposits Affect Bank Risk? Evidence from the 2008 Emergency Economic Stabilization Act
Claudia Lambert, Felix Noth, Ulrich Schüwer
Abstract
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The Ex Ante versus Ex Post Effect of Public Guarantees
H. Evren Damar, Reint E. Gropp, Adi Mordel
D. Evanoff, C. Holthausen, G. Kaufman and M. Kremer (eds), The Role of Central Banks in Financial Stability: How has it Changed? World Scientific Studies in International Economics 30,
2013
Abstract
In October 2006, Dominion Bond Rating Service (DBRS) introduced new ratings for banks that account for the potential of government support. The rating changes are not a reflection of any changes in the respective banks’ credit fundamentals. We use this natural experiment to evaluate the consequences of bail out expectations for bank behavior using a difference in differences approach. The results suggest a striking difference between the effects of bail out probabilities during calm times (“ex ante”) versus during crisis times (“ex post”). During calm times, higher bail-out probabilities result in higher risk taking, consistent with the moral hazard view and much of the empirical literature. However, in crisis times, we find that banks with higher bail out probabilities tend to increase their risk taking less compared to banks that were ex ante unlikely to be bailed-out. Charter values are one part of the explanation: Supported banks may have a funding advantage relative to non-supported banks during the crisis. However, we cannot rule out that other factors also may be playing a role, including tighter supervision of supported banks in crisis times.
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Internationale Konjunkturprognose und konjunkturelle Stressszenarien für die Jahre 2013 bis 2015
Oliver Holtemöller, Axel Lindner, Andrej Drygalla
IWH Online,
Nr. 6,
2013
Abstract
Gegenstand der vorliegenden Studie sind die konjunkturellen Aussichten in den Ländern Deutschland, Frankreich, Italien, Spanien, Großbritannien, Kanada, Schweden, Tschechien, Polen, USA, Mexiko, Brasilien, Japan und in China für die Jahre 2013 bis 2015.
Im ersten Halbjahr 2013 hat sich die Weltkonjunktur belebt. Gleichwohl ist das Tempo der weltwirtschaftlichen Expansion gemessen am Wachstum der vergangenen Dekaden nur mäßig. Risiken für die Weltwirtschaft gehen vor allem von den wirtschaftspolitischen Rahmenbedingungen aus. Das betrifft zum einen die USA, wo der Fiskus aufgrund der politischen Blockade im US-Kongress für längere Zeit am Rande der Zahlungsunfähigkeit zu schlingern droht. Zudem ist für den Euroraum nicht auszuschließen, dass der politische Widerstand gegen eine Fortsetzung des Reformkurses in den einzelnen Ländern der Währungsunion zunimmt. Es besteht aber auch Unsicherheit über den Zustand des chinesischen Finanzsektors. Bankenschieflagen könnten dort einen konjunkturellen Einbruch auslösen, der negative Auswirkungen auch auf die globale Konjunktur hätte.
Die wahrscheinlichste wirtschaftliche Entwicklung in dem betrachteten Länderkreis (Basisszenario) wird anhand grundlegender volkswirtschaftlicher Kennzahlen, etwa der Zuwachsrate des Bruttoinlandsprodukts, beschrieben. Es wird auch die Entwicklung für den Fall skizziert, dass die Weltwirtschaft eine ungünstige oder sogar sehr ungünstige Wendung nimmt. Weil die Prognosen der Studie aus einem makroökonometrischen Modell für die internationale Konjunktur gewonnen werden, kann präzise definiert werden, was unter günstig und ungünstig zu verstehen ist: Im ersten Risikoszenario fällt nur mit einer Wahrscheinlichkeit von 10% gemäß der aus dem Modell resultierenden Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilung die gesamtwirtschaftliche Produktion in der betrachteten Ländergruppe im Jahr 2013 noch geringer aus; das zweite Risikoszenario beschreibt eine Situation, in der sich mit einer Wahrscheinlichkeit von nur 1% eine noch geringere Produktion realisieren dürfte. Bei der Herleitung von Prognose und Risikoszenarien kann auf spezielle Annahmen über wirtschaftspolitische Impulse verzichtet werden. Insbesondere kommt es in der Finanzpolitik der betrachteten Länder wohl zu keinem drastischen Kurswechsel. Im Basisszenario legt der weltwirtschaftliche Produktionszuwachs im Verlauf der Jahre 2014 und 2015 mit abnehmender Geschwindigkeit zu und konvergiert zum Trendwachstum der vergangenen Jahre. Im Fall einer schweren oder einer sehr schweren Wirtschaftskrise wäre der Produktionsverlust gegenüber dem Basisszenario in Deutschland und in Italien besonders hoch. Dass die deutsche und die italienische Volkswirtschaft in den Rezessionsszenarien höhere Produktionsverluste aufweisen, ist auch auf den hohen Offenheitsgrad zurückzuführen, der diese Länder für einen weltweiten Konjunktureinbruch besonders anfällig macht. Aber auch eine länderspezifische Wirtschaftskrise ist in Deutschland mit deutlich höheren Produktionsverlusten verbunden als in den USA.
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Granularity in Banking and Growth: Does Financial Openness Matter?
Franziska Bremus, Claudia M. Buch
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 14,
2013
Abstract
We explore the impact of large banks and of financial openness for aggregate growth. Large banks matter because of granular effects: if markets are very concentrated in terms of the size distribution of banks, idiosyncratic shocks at the bank-level do not cancel out in the aggregate but can affect macroeconomic outcomes. Financial openness may affect GDP growth in and of itself, and it may also influence concentration in banking and thus the impact of bank-specific shocks for the aggregate economy. To test these relationships, we use different measures of de jure and de facto financial openness in a linked micro-macro panel dataset. Our research has three main findings: First, bank-level shocks significantly impact on GDP. Second, financial openness lowers GDP growth. Third, granular effects tend to be stronger in financially closed economies.
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Towards Deeper Financial Integration in Europe: What the Banking Union Can Contribute
Claudia M. Buch, T. Körner, Benjamin Weigert
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 13,
2013
Abstract
The agreement to establish a Single Supervisory Mechanism in Europe is a major step towards a Banking Union, consisting of centralized powers for the supervision of banks, the restructuring and resolution of distressed banks, and a common deposit insurance system. In this paper, we argue that the Banking Union is a necessary complement to the common currency and the Internal Market for capital. However, due care needs to be taken that steps towards a Banking Union are taken in the right sequence and that liability and control remain at the same level throughout. The following elements are important. First, establishing a Single Supervisory Mechanism under the roof of the ECB and within the framework of the current EU treaties does not ensure a sufficient degree of independence of supervision and monetary policy. Second, a European institution for the restructuring and resolution of banks should be established and equipped with sufficient powers. Third, a fiscal backstop for bank restructuring is needed. The ESM can play a role but additional fiscal burden sharing agreements are needed. Direct recapitalization of banks through the ESM should not be possible until legacy assets on banks’ balance sheets have been cleaned up. Fourth, introducing European-wide deposit insurance in the current situation would entail the mutualisation of legacy assets, thus contributing to moral hazard.
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Banking Market Competition, Opaque Firms, and the Reallocation Component of Aggregate Growth
R. Inklaar, Michael Koetter, Felix Noth
Abstract
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Leverage, Balance-Sheet Size and Wholesale Funding
H. Evren Damar, Césaire Meh, Yaz Terajima
Journal of Financial Intermediation,
Nr. 4,
2013
Abstract
Positive co-movements in bank leverage and assets are associated with leverage procyclicality. As wholesale funding allows banks to quickly adjust leverage, banks with wholesale funding are expected to exhibit higher leverage procyclicality. Using Canadian data, we analyze (i) if leverage procyclicality exists and its dependence on wholesale funding, (ii) market factors associated with this procyclicality, and (iii) if banking-sector leverage procyclicality forecasts market volatility. The findings suggest that procyclicality exists and that its degree positively depends on use of wholesale funding. Furthermore, funding-market liquidity matters for this procyclicality. Finally, banking-sector leverage procyclicality can forecast volatility in the equity market.
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Granularity in Banking and Growth: Does Financial Openness Matter?
Franziska Bremus, Claudia M. Buch
CESifo Working Paper No. 4356, August,
2013
Abstract
We explore the impact of large banks and of financial openness for aggregate growth. Large banks matter because of granular effects: if markets are very concentrated in terms of the size distribution of banks, idiosyncratic shocks at the bank-level do not cancel out in the aggregate but can affect macroeconomic outcomes. Financial openness may affect GDP growth in and of itself, and it may also influence concentration in banking and thus the impact of bank-specific shocks for the aggregate economy. To test these relationships, we use different measures of de jure and de facto financial openness in a linked micro-macro panel dataset. Our research has three main findings: First, bank-level shocks significantly impact on GDP. Second, financial openness lowers GDP growth. Third, granular effects tend to be stronger in financially closed economies.
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Financial Constraints of Private Firms and Bank Lending Behavior
Patrick Behr, L. Norden, Felix Noth
Journal of Banking and Finance,
Nr. 9,
2013
Abstract
We investigate whether and how financial constraints of private firms depend on bank lending behavior. Bank lending behavior, especially its scale, scope and timing, is largely driven by bank business models which differ between privately owned and state-owned banks. Using a unique dataset on private small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) we find that an increase in relative borrowings from local state-owned banks significantly reduces firms’ financial constraints, while there is no such effect for privately owned banks. Improved credit availability and private information production are the main channels that explain our result. We also show that the lending behavior of local state-owned banks can be sustainable because it is less cyclical and neither leads to more risk taking nor underperformance.
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