The international co-movement of interest rates reflects correlated business-cycle fluctuations, largely driven by demand shocks. Monetary policy in advanced economies follows domestic mandates – inflation and the output gap – and does not respond to foreign policy shocks. We derive this result from a Bayesian structural panel vector autoregression with informative priors, homogeneity restrictions on contemporaneous relations, a hierarchical Minnesota prior with cross-sectional shrinkage, and a factor structure for structural shocks.

Housing is an essential durable consumption good and oftentimes the largest and most important investment a household makes. The way households finance their housing is important not only for expenditure patterns but also for asset accumulation. As Chambers et al. (2009) explain, housing investment, for both residential and nonresidential structures comprises about half of all private investments and the liabilities from home mortgages are approximately equal to two-thirds of gross domestic product. It is very closely linked with the financial market via the housing backed mortgages taken by the majority of home-owners and it is intrinsic to real economic activity.

In Chapter 1, I combine longitudinal administrative firm-level data from Germany with 8,000 local tax changes for identification to show that local tax hikes (cuts) increase (decrease) the local manufacturing share. Firm-level results reveal that this is due to wage, employment, firm entry, and labor productivity in the service sector being more responsive to a tax shock than in manufacturing. With this evidence in mind, I calibrate a two-sector model with heterogeneous firms and profit tax to show that, owing to different structural parameters, a corporate tax cut disproportionately benefits service firms, contributing to the sectoral reallocation from manufacturing to service. In Chapter 2, we derive a European Herfindahl-Hirschman concentration index from 15 micro-aggregated country datasets. We show that European concentration rose due to a reallocation of economic activity towards large and concentrated industries. Over the same period, productivity gains from an increasing allocative efficiency of the European market accounted for 50% of European productivity growth while markups stayed constant. Using country-industry variation, we show that changes in concentration are positively associated with changes in productivity and allocative efficiency. This holds across most sectors and countries and supports the notion that rising concentration in Europe reflects a more efficient market environment rather than weak competition and rising market power. In chapter 3, We study the consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic and related policy support on productivity. We employ an extensive micro-distributed exercise to access otherwise unavailable individual data on firm performance and government subsidies. Our cross-country evidence for five EU countries shows that the pandemic led to a significant short-term decline in aggregate productivity and the direct support to firms had only a limited positive effect on productivity developments.

Banks play a special role in the financial system. According to classical banking theory, they help reduce informational asymmetries and serve as liquidity providers. Banks can, at least partially, lower transaction costs that result from information frictions between investors and firms and thereby alleviate firms’ funding constraints (Diamond, 1984). Moreover, banks create liquidity on their balance sheets by financing comparably illiquid assets with relatively liquid liabilities (Diamond and Dybvig, 1983). Integrating credit and liquidity provision functions, banks have been the object of numerous studies on financial intermediation. A particular focus in recent years has been on banks’ behavior as well as on the con- sequences of their actions for the real economy when hit by adverse shocks. Following the global financial crisis, financial shocks that originate from within the financial sec- tor have received wide attention (Cingano et al., 2016; Chodorow-Reich, 2014; Khwaja and Mian, 2008; Paravisini, 2008; Paravisini et al., 2015; Schnabl, 2012). However, banks are also subject to numerous non-financial shocks, which are the focus of this thesis.

In der Volkswirtschaftslehre wird das Unternehmertum als treibende Kraft hinter dem Prozess kreativer Zerstörung betrachtet, die Innovationen in den Markt einführt, ineffiziente Betriebe verdrängt, und so den Grundstein für das Wachstum der Wirtschaft legt. Ein wesentlicher Bestandteil unternehmerischen Handelns ist die Gründung neuer Firmen (Carree & Thurik, 2003). Die Ursachen und Auswirkungen von Firmengründungen sind daher Gegenstand zahlreicher empirischer Studien (Geroski, 1995; Wagner, 2006). Begutachtet man die Bedeutung dieser Start-ups für die volkswirtschaftliche Entwicklung, so nimmt ihr Beitrag zur Schaffung und Vernichtung von Arbeitsplätzen eine zentrale Rolle ein. Die vorliegende Dissertation legt dar, dass die Relevanz von neu gegründeten Betrieben als Arbeitgeber nicht nur im Hinblick auf die Anzahl der von ihnen geschaffenen Arbeitsplätze beurteilt werden sollte, sondern auch im Lichte der Qualität dieser neuen Jobs. Sollten neue Firmen sich von etablierten Betrieben bezüglich Einstellungsmustern oder Arbeitsbedingungen unterscheiden, könnte dies schwerwiegende Auswirkungen auf die Karriere der dort angestellten Arbeitnehmer haben. Vor diesem Hintergrund liefern die vier Studien dieser Dissertation neue Erkenntnisse zu Einstellungsverhalten, Entlohnung und Beschäftigungsperspektiven in neu gegründeten Betrieben.

Die Arbeit untersucht die Wechselwirkungen zwischen der Mikro- und Makroebene, indem die Auswirkungen von Informationen auf der Mikroebene auf die Dynamik von aggregierten Investitionen betrachtet werden. In einem weiteren Beitrag wird untersucht, inwieweit Stress auf der Ebene der staatlichen Refinanzierung und Bankenstress zum Anstieg sowohl des Niveaus als auch der Heterogenität der Refinanzierungskosten nicht-finanzieller Unternehmen in der Eurozone während der europäischen Schuldenkrise beigetragen haben und wie sie den monetären Transmissionsmechanismus beeinflusst haben. Im 3. Forschungspapier wird analysiert, wie Investitionen auf Unternehmensebene durch Interaktionen zwischen dem Unternehmen und der Gesamtebene in der Eurozone beeinflusst werden.

My dissertation consists of three studies, all viewing aggregate productivity as driven by the individual decisions of firms and the inventors that work for them. I use microeconometric analysis to study why firms innovate and economic theory to link these decisions to macroeconomic outcomes. The first paper in this dissertation studies how German manufacturing firms adjust their productivity in response to an increase in competition from foreign markets. German firms only increase their productivity if their new competitors come from other industrialized economies. This productivity increase is not driven by innovation. Instead, firms cut input expenses and prices while maintaining their output. The second paper traces the matching decisions of firms and inventors on the labor markets of developed economies. It adapts empirical techniques used in labor economics to this special segment of the labor market and shows that assortative matching has been increasing from 1974 to 2012: High quality inventors go to high quality firms more often than was the case in previous decades. This cannot be explained by changes in the patent invention function: The productivity of a match between a firm and an inventor of constant quality remains roughly unchanged. The third paper develops an endogenous growth model with inventor labor markets and two types of innovation: disruptive inventions that change the underlying technology of firms’ products and incremental improvements over existing products. Firms acquire expertise in certain technologies by hiring the inventors who are experts in these fields. This gives them a strong incentive to prevent disruptive inventions: If the underlying technology changes, their investment in these inventors becomes worthless. Large firms inhibit aggregate growth by poaching inventors from firms engaged in disruptive innovation.