Incubator Age and Incubation Time: Determinants of Firm Survival after Graduation?
Michael Schwartz
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 14,
2008
Abstract
On the basis of a sample of 149 graduate firms from five German technology oriented business incubators, this article contributes to incubator/incubation literature by investigating the effects of the age of the business incubators and the firms’ incubation time in securing long-term survival of the firms after leaving the incubator facilities. The empirical findings from Cox-proportional hazards regression and parametric accelerated failure time models reveal a statistically negative impact for both variables incubator age and incubation time on post-graduation firm survival. One possible explanation for these results is that, when incubator managers become increasingly involved in various regional development activities (e.g. coaching of regional network initiatives), this may reduce the effectiveness of incubator support and therefore the survival chances of firms.
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Exchange Rates and FDI: Goods versus Capital Market Frictions
Claudia M. Buch, J. Kleinert
World Economy,
forthcoming
Abstract
Changes in exchange rates affect countries through their impact on cross-border activities such as trade and foreign direct investment (FDI). With increasing activities of multinational firms, the FDI channel is likely to gain in importance. Economic theory provides two main explanations why changes in exchange rates can affect FDI. According to the first explanation, FDI reacts to exchange rate changes if there are information frictions on capital markets and if investment depends on firms’ net worth (capital market friction hypothesis). According to the second explanation, FDI reacts to exchange rate changes if output and factor markets are segmented, and if firm-specific assets are important (goods market friction hypothesis). We provide a unified theoretical framework of these two explanations. We analyse the implications of the model empirically using a dataset based on detailed German firm-level data. We find greater support for the goods market than for the capital market friction hypothesis.
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Flow of conjunctural information and forecast of euro area economic activity
Katja Drechsel, L. Maurin
ECB Working Paper, no. 925,
2008
Abstract
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Foreign Subsidiaries in the East German Innovation System – Evidence from Manufacturing Industries
Jutta Günther, Björn Jindra, Johannes Stephan
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 4,
2008
Abstract
This paper analyses the extent of technological capability of foreign subsidiaries located in East Germany, and looks at the determinants of foreign subsidiaries’ technological sourcing behaviour. The theory of international production underlines the importance of strategic and regional level variables. However, existing empirical approaches omit by and large regional level factors. We employ survey evidence from the “FDI micro data- base” of the IWH, that was only recently made available, to conduct our analyses. We find that foreign subsidiaries are above average technologically active in comparison to the whole East German manufacturing. This can be partially explained by the industrial structure of foreign direct investment. However, only a limited share of foreign subsidiaries with R&D and/or innovation activity source technological knowledge from the East German innovation system. If a subsidiary follows a competence augmenting strategy or does local trade, it is more likely to source technological knowledge locally. The endowment of a region with human capital and a scientific infrastructure has a positive effect too. The findings suggest that foreign subsidiaries in East Germany are only partially linked with the regional innovation system. Policy implications are discussed.
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Do Weak Supervisory Systems Encourage Bank Risk-taking?
Claudia M. Buch, G. DeLong
Journal of Financial Stability,
2008
Abstract
Weak bank supervision could give banks the ability to shift risk from themselves to supervisors. We use cross-border bank mergers as a natural experiment to test changes in risk and the impact of supervision. We examine cross-border bank mergers and find that the supervisory structures of the partners’ countries influence changes in post-merger total risk. An acquirer from a country with strong supervision lowers total risk after a cross-border merger. However, total risk increases when the target bank is located in a country with relatively strong supervision. This result is consistent with strong host regulators limiting the risky activities of their local banks. Foreign-owned competitors could then engage in the risky projects, especially if the foreign banks’ supervisors are not strong. An acquirer entering a country with strong supervision appears to shift risk back to its home country. The results suggest that bank supervisors can reduce total banking risk in their countries by being strong.
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On the Economics of Ex-Post Transfers in a Federal State: A Mechanism Design Approach
Martin Altemeyer-Bartscher, T. Kuhn
WWDP, 95,
No. 95,
2008
Abstract
As a common feature in many federal states grants-in aid are payed to jurisdictions ex post, i.e. after local policy measures have chosen. We show that the central government cannot offer grants ex ante in a federal states with informational asymmetries as well as inter-temporal commitment problems. Local governments’ incentives to provide public goods are distorted if they rely on federal grants-in-aid offered ex post. Furthermore it becomes obvious that local governments are apt to substitute tax revenue for higher grants-in-aid if relevant local data are unobservable for the central government. To which extend ex post transfers mitigate local governments’ incentives crucially depends on the information structure predominant in the federation.
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New Limits of Municipal Economic Activity: Expansion versus Reduction?
Peter Haug
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2007
Abstract
Das IWH veranstaltete unter Federführung der Abteilung Stadtökonomik am 11. und 12. Oktober 2007 zum zweiten Mal eine Tagung mit dem Themenschwerpunkt Kommunalwirtschaft. Das zentrale Anliegen der Veranstaltung war es, im Rahmen eines interdisziplinären Dialogs die räumlichen wie sachlichen Grenzen kommunaler Wirtschaftstätigkeit auszuloten. Das Kolloquium richtete sich dabei sowohl an einschlägig tätige Wissenschaftler als auch an Praktiker der Kommunalwirtschaft und -verwaltung, Verbandsvertreter, Politiker und andere Interessierte. Die Beiträge behandelten ein breites Themenspektrum. Ein Themenblock des ersten Konferenztags befaßte sich mit der teilweise kontroversen Bewertung der kommunalwirtschaftlichen Tätigkeit aus Sicht verschiedener Fachdisziplinen: Rechtswissenschaft, Volkswirtschaftslehre, öffentliche Betriebswirtschaftslehre und Soziologie. Daneben wurden ausgewählte Einzelbereiche der kommunalen Wirtschaftstätigkeit (ÖPNV, kommunale Wohnungswirtschaft) vertieft behandelt. Der zweite Konferenztag war den Themen Grenzen der Kommunalwirtschaft in Südeuropa, regionalwirtschaftliche Effekte kommunaler Wirtschaftstätigkeit und der Frage des Arbeitnehmerschutzes bei Privatisierungen gewidmet. Eine Podiumsdiskussion mit Vertretern aus Politik, Wissenschaft und Wirtschaft zur zukünftigen Bedeutung städtischer Firmen für die Finanz-, Wirtschafts- und Gesellschaftspolitik schloß die Veranstaltung ab. Als Resümee der Veranstaltung läßt sich ziehen, daß im kommunalen Sektor vieles in Bewegung ist, unter anderem aufgrund zunehmenden EU-Integration und der Liberalisierung des Energiesektors. Darüber hinaus wurde einer schrankenlosen räumlichen wie sachlichen Ausweitung der kommunalen Wirtschaftstätigkeit genauso eine Absage erteilt wie einer vollständigen Privatisierung der Kommunalwirtschaft.
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Poland: Strong Domestic Demand Will Drive Economic Activity
Martina Kämpfe
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2007
Abstract
Die rege wirtschaftliche Entwicklung in Polen hat 2007 vor allem von der kräftigen Binnennachfrage profitiert. Sie sorgte für eine hohe Auslastung der Produktionskapazitäten und schlug sich außerdem in einer starken Zunahme der Importe nieder, wohingegen die Exporte aufgrund des schwächeren Nachfragezuwachses auf dem Absatzmarkt in den alten EU-Ländern langsamer zulegten als im Vorjahr. Der Beitrag der Außenwirtschaft zum Bruttoinlandsprodukt blieb negativ.
Die Trendwende am Arbeitsmarkt hin zu einem Beschäftigungsaufbau hat sich verfestigt, die Arbeitslosenrate ging im Jahresverlauf weiter zurück. Allerdings kam es vor allem durch die Arbeitskräfteabwanderung in einzelnen Segmenten des Arbeitsmarkts zu angebotsseitigen Engpässen, die trotz einer vergleichsweise noch hohen Arbeitslosigkeit Druck auf die Löhne in einzelnen Berufsgruppen ausüben konnten. Die rasch steigenden Löhne und ein damit verbundener Anstieg der Lohnstückkosten wirkten inflationstreibend, die preisliche Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der polnischen Unternehmen verringerte sich.
Im Prognosezeitraum wird die Binnennachfrage kräftig bleiben und stärker als das Bruttoinlandsprodukt zulegen. Getrieben wird die Nachfrage vor allem von den Investitionen, die auch in den nächsten Jahren im zweistelligen Bereich zunehmen werden. Die Wirtschaft wird jedoch 2008 mit 5,5% etwas schwächer als 2007 expandieren, da das Importwachstum das der Exporte weiterhin leicht übertreffen wird und die Geldpolitik angesichts stärker preistreibender Faktoren wieder etwas restriktiver werden dürfte.
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Spillover Effects of Spatial Growth Poles - a Reconciliation of Conflicting Policy Targets?
Alexander Kubis, Mirko Titze, Joachim Ragnitz
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 8,
2007
Abstract
Regional economic policy faces the challenge of two competing policy goals - reducing regional economic disparities vs. promoting economic growth. The allocation of public funds has to weigh these goals particularly under the restriction of scarce financial re- sources. If, however, some region turns out to be a regional growth pole with positive spillovers to its disadvantaged periphery, regional policies could be designed to recon- cile the conflicting targets. In this case, peripheral regions could indirectly participate in the economic development of their growing cores. We start our investigation by defining and identifying such growth poles among German regions on the NUTS 3 administrative level based on spatial and sectoral effects. Using cluster analysis, we determine significant characteristics for the general identification of growth poles. Patterns in the sectoral change are identified by means of the change in the employment. Finally, we analyze whether and to what extent these growth poles ex- ert spatial spillover effects on neighbouring regions and thus mitigate contradictory in- terests in regional public policy. For this purpose, we apply a Spatial-Cross-Regressive- Model (SCR-Model) including the change in the secondary sector which allows to con- sider functional economic relations on the administrative level chosen (NUTS 3).
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Effectiveness of Competition Law: A Panel Data Analysis
Franz Kronthaler
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 7,
2007
Abstract
The paper explores what macroeconomic factors can tell us about the effectiveness of recently enacted national competition laws. Qualitative evidence suggests that numerous countries fall short in implementing competition law. Furthermore, there seems to be significant differences between countries. To examine what factors might contribute to the explanation of effectiveness of competition law panel regression analysis is used. The results indicate that the level of economic development matters, however the institutional learning curve is also relevant. Furthermore, larger countries should be more concerned with competition advocacy activities than smaller countries and it seems to be the case that the problem of capture of competition law is serious in countries with high levels of corruption.
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