Konjunktur aktuell: Schwache Auslandsnachfrage – Abschwung in Deutschland
Konjunktur aktuell,
No. 2,
2019
Abstract
Im Sommer 2019 deutet vieles darauf hin, dass die neuerliche Verschärfung der amerikanischen Handelspolitik den Welthandel und die internationale Konjunktur schwächt. Auf chinesische Waren sollen neue Zölle erhoben werden, und der weltwirtschaftlich stark verflochtene IT-Sektor wird durch die Genehmigungspflicht von Geschäften mit wichtigen chinesischen Anbietern der Telekommunikationstechnik belastet. Konjunktursorgen haben die Preise für wichtige Industriemetalle sowie für Erdöl sinken lassen. Mittlerweile erwarten die Finanzmärkte, dass die US-Notenbank ihren Leitzins im Herbst senken wird. Trotzdem dürfte der US-Aufschwung im Sommerhalbjahr zu Ende gehen, und für die Produktion im Euroraum ist für diesen Zeitraum mit einer Expansion unterhalb der Potenzialrate von knapp 1½% zu rechnen.
Von der Schwäche des Welthandels ist die international stark vernetzte deutsche Industrie besonders betroffen. Der deutliche Rückgang der Industrieproduktion im April lässt erkennen, dass die Belebung vom Jahresanfang vor allem auf temporäre Faktoren zurückging und die Grundtendenz der Konjunktur weiterhin schwach ist. Was die deutsche Konjunktur in diesem und wohl auch im nächsten Jahr stützen wird, ist die nach wie vor robuste Binnennachfrage. So bleibt der Zuwachs des privaten Konsums kräftig, denn die Einkommensentwicklung ist weiter positiv. Dazu trägt auch bei, dass von der Finanzpolitik in diesem Jahr ein expansiver Impuls im Umfang von 0,7% in Relation zum Bruttoinlandsprodukt ausgeht.
Deutliche Lohnsteigerungen bei anhaltendem Beschäftigungsaufbau lassen die Lohnstückkosten stark steigen. Hohe Preissteigerungen bleiben aber auf die Bauwirtschaft beschränkt. Alles in allem liegt die Produktion nach vorliegender Prognose im Jahr 2019 um 0,5% höher als im Vorjahr, im Jahr 2020 steigt die Rate auch wegen der höheren Zahl an Arbeitstagen auf 1,8%. Die ostdeutsche Wirtschaft expandiert in diesem Jahr um 0,8% und im Jahr 2020 um 1,7%.
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Price-cost Margin and Bargaining Power in the European Union
Ana Cristina Soares
IWH-CompNet Discussion Papers,
No. 4,
2019
Abstract
Using firm-level data between 2004 and 2012 for eleven countries of the European Union (EU), we document the size of product and labour market imperfections within narrowly defined sectors including services which are virtually undocumented. Our findings suggest that perfect competition in both product and labour markets is widely rejected. Levels of the price-cost margin and union bargaining power tend to be higher in some service sectors depicting however substantial heterogeneity. Dispersion within sector and across countries tends to be higher in some services sectors assuming a less tradable nature which suggests that the Single Market integration is partial particularly relaxing the assumption of perfect competition in the labour market. We report also figures for the aggregate economy and show that Eastern countries tend to depict lower product and labour market imperfections compared to other countries in the EU. Also, we provide evidence in favour of a very limited adjustment of both product and labour market imperfections following the international and financial crisis.
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04.04.2019 • 10/2019
Service providers in Berlin give boost to East German economy – implications of the Joint Economic Forecast and of official data on the East German economy in 2018
In its spring report, the Joint Economic Forecast group states that the upturn in Germany came to an end in the second half of 2018, mainly because the manufacturing sector is weakening due to a slowing international economy and to problems in the automotive industry. Accordingly, in places such as Saxony (1.2%), Thuringia (0.5%), and Saxony-Anhalt (0.9%), where manufacturing plays a particularly important role, gross domestic product (GDP) grew less than in Germany as a whole (1.4%).
Oliver Holtemöller
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For How Long Do IMF Forecasts of World Economic Growth Stay Up-to-date?
Katja Heinisch, Axel Lindner
Applied Economics Letters,
No. 3,
2019
Abstract
This study analyses the performance of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) World Economic Outlook output forecasts for the world and for both the advanced economies and the emerging and developing economies. With a focus on the forecast for the current year and the next year, we examine the durability of IMF forecasts, looking at how much time has to pass so that IMF forecasts can be improved by using leading indicators with monthly updates. Using a real-time data set for GDP and for indicators, we find that some simple single-indicator forecasts on the basis of data that are available at higher frequency can significantly outperform the IMF forecasts as soon as the publication of the IMF’s Outlook is only a few months old. In particular, there is an obvious gain using leading indicators from January to March for the forecast of the current year.
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Economic Transition in Unified Germany and Implications for Korea
Hyung-Gon Jeong, Gerhard Heimpold
H.-G. Jeong and G. Heimpold (eds.): Economic Transition in Unified Germany and Implications for Korea. Policy References 17-13. Sejong: Korea Institute for International Economic Policy,
2017
Abstract
The reunification of Germany, which marked the end of the Cold War in the 20th century, is regarded as one of the most exemplary cases of social integration in human history. Nearly three decades after the German reunification, the economic and social shocks that occurred at the beginning of the reunification process have largely been resolved. Moreover, the unified Germany has grown into one of the most advanced economies in the world.
The unification process that Germany underwent may not necessarily be the way that the Republic of Korea would choose. However, the economic and social exchanges between East and West Germany prior to unification, and the cooperation in a myriad of policies based on these exchanges, served as the crucial foundation for unification. The case of Germany will surely help us find a better way for the re-unification of the Korean Peninsula.
In this context, this is the first edition of a joint research which provides diverse insights on social and economic issues during the process of unification. It consists of nine chapters whose main topics include policies on macroeconomic stabilization, the privatization of state-owned enterprises in East Germany, labor policies and the migration of labor, integration of the social safety nets of the North and South, and securing finances for reunification. To start with, the first part covers macroeconomic stabilization measures, which include policies implemented by the federal government of Germany to overcome macroeconomic shocks directly after the reunification. There was a temporary setback in the economy at the initial phase of reunification as the investment per GDP went down and the level of fiscal debt escalated, reverting to its original trend prior to the reunification. While it appears the momentum for growth was compromised by reunification from the perspective of growth rate of real GDP, this state did not last long and benefits have outpaced the costs since 2000.
In the section which examines the privatization of state-owned enterprises in East Germany, an analysis was conducted on the modernization of industrial infrastructure of East German firms. There was a surge in investment in East German area at the beginning stages but this was focused on a specific group of firms. Most of the firms were privatized through unofficial channels, with a third of these conducted in a management buy-out (MBO) process that was highly effective. Further analysis of a firm called Jenoptik, which was successfully bailed out, is incorporated as to draw implications of its accomplishments.
In the section on migration, we examine how the gap between the unemployment rates in the West and East have narrowed as the population flow shifted from the West to East. Consequently, there was no significant deviation in terms of the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) per capita in each state of East Germany. However, as the labor market stabilized in East Germany and population flows have weakened, the deviation will become larger. Meanwhile, if we make a prediction about the movement of population between the North and the South, which show a remarkable difference in their economic circumstances, a radical reunification process such as Germany’s case would force 7% of the population of the North to move towards the South. Upon reunification, the estimated unemployment rate in North Korea would remain at least 30% for the time being. In order to reduce the initial unemployment rate, it is crucial to design a program that trains the unemployed and to build a system that predicts changes in labor demand.
It seems nearly impossible to apply the social safety nets of the South to the North, as there is a systemic difference in ideologies. Taking steps toward integration would be the most suitable option in the case of the Koreas. We propose to build a sound groundwork for stabilizing the interest rates and exchange rates, maintain stable fiscal policies, raise momentum for economic growth and make sure people understand the means required to financially support the North in order to reduce the gap between the two.
This book was jointly organized and edited by Dr. Hyung-gon Jeong of the Korea Institute for International Economic Policy (KIEP) and Dr. Gerhard Heimpold of the Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH). We believe that this report, which examines numerous social and economic agendas that emerged during the reunification of Germany, will provide truly important reference for both Koreas. It is also our view that it will serve as a stepping-stone to establish policies in regard to South-North exchanges across numerous sectors prior to discussions of reunification. KIEP will continue to work with IWH and contribute its expertise to the establishment of grounds for unification policies.
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14.12.2017 • 39/2017
Cyclical upswing in Germany and in the world
At the turn of the year, the cyclical upswing in Germany continues. Gross domestic product is expected to increase by 2.2% in 2017, and because this year has seen significantly fewer working days than before, the rate of change amounts, adjusted for calendar effects, to even 2.5%. “The upswing is broad-based”, says Oliver Holtemöller, head of the Department Macroeconomics and IWH vice president. “For quite a long time now, significant increases in employment have been driving private incomes, consumption and housing construction. The latter was, in addition, stimulated by low interest rates.” Currently, German exports are benefiting from the vivid international economy. Not least since monetary policy in the euro area remains expansionary for the time being, we expect the upturn to continue in 2018 and production to increase again by 2.2%. Consumer price inflation is, with 1.7%, still moderate in both 2017 and 2018. Although domestic price pressures are on the rise, the effects of the energy price increase in 2017 expire in 2018, and the appreciation of the euro in the summer of 2017 will dampen price dynamics.
Oliver Holtemöller
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Trade Growth Driven by a Cyclical Upswing of the World Economy
Klaus-Jürgen Gern, Axel Lindner, Martin Micheli
Wirtschaftsdienst,
No. 11,
2017
Abstract
Der Welthandel ist seit dem Herbst 2016 wieder deutlich aufwärts gerichtet, nachdem er in den Jahren zuvor nur schwach gestiegen und zeitweise sogar rückläufig gewesen war. Die Dynamik hat zwar im Frühjahr 2017 etwas nachgelassen, dennoch war das Volumen des weltweiten internationalen Güteraustauschs im Sommer nach den Daten des vom Centraal Planbureau (CPB) berechneten World Trade Monitor immer noch um knapp 5% höher als ein Jahr zuvor. Für das laufende Jahr ist mit einem Anstieg um mehr als 4% zu rechnen, nachdem die Zuwachsrate in den fünf davorliegenden Jahren lediglich bei rund 2% gelegen hatte.1 Es stellt sich die Frage, ob die jüngste Beschleunigung des Welthandels lediglich als temporäres, konjunkturbedingtes Phänomen zu werten ist, oder ob sie auch längerfristig eine Rückkehr zu dem hohen Wachstumstempo des Welthandels erwarten lässt, das in den 15 Jahren vor der globalen Finanzkrise verzeichnet worden war.
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From World Factory to World Investor: The New Way of China Integrating into the World
Bijun Wang, Xiang Li
China Economic Journal,
No. 2,
2017
Abstract
This paper argues that outward direct investment (ODI) is replacing international trade as the new way China integrates into the world. Based on two complementary datasets, we document the pattern of Chinese ODI. We argue that the rapid growth of China’s ODI is the result of strong economic development, increasing domestic constraints, and supportive government policies. Compared with trade integration, investment integration involves China more deeply in global business. As a new global investor, China’s ODI in the future is full of opportunities, risks, and challenges. The Chinese government should improve bureaucracy coordination and participate more in designing and maintaining international rules to protect ODI interests.
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