Der Importgehalt der Exporte im Lichte von jeweiligen und konstanten Preisen
Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch, Udo Ludwig
Contribution to IWH Volume,
aus "Neuere Anwendungsfelder der Input-Output-Analyse in Deutschland - Tagungsband - Beiträge zum Halleschen Input-Output-Workshop 2006"
2007
Abstract
Die zunehmende internationale Arbeitsteilung führt dazu, dass bei der Fertigung deutscher Exportgüter verstärkt importierte Vorleistungen eingesetzt werden. So ist ein Anstieg der exportinduzierten Importe zu beobachten, der sich in der zweiten Hälfte der 90er Jahre beschleunigt hat (vgl. Statistisches Bundesamt 2004; Brautzsch und Ludwig 2004, 2005). Dies nährt die Befürchtung, dass im Zuge der Globalisierung nationale Produktion verdrängt wird und in Deutschland Arbeitsplätze verloren gehen. Mit dem Schlagwort „Basarökonomie Deutschland“ wurde diese Tendenz auf den Punkt gebracht.
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Neuere Anwendungsfelder der Input-Output-Analyse in Deutschland
Udo Ludwig
IWH-Sonderhefte,
No. 3,
2007
Abstract
Der vorliegende Band umfasst die aktualisierte Fassung aller Vorträge, die auf dem Workshop vom 16. bis 17. Februar 2006 zu drei thematischen Schwerpunkten gehalten worden sind: Erstellung von Input-Output-Tabellen, Anwendungen der Input-Output-Methode und Preise in der Input-Output-Rechnung. Schon traditionell gibt einer der Autoren aus dem Statistischen Bundesamt im ersten Schwerpunkt einen Überblick zum aktuellen Stand der amtlichen Input-Output-Rechnung in Deutschland. Im Mittelpunkt des Beitrages von P. Bleses steht dabei das Berichtsjahr 2002, für das die einzelnen Tabellentypen – Aufkommenstabelle, Verwendungstabelle und symmetrische Güterverflechtungstabelle – in aggregierter Form dargestellt und erläutert werden. Im zweiten Beitrag berichten R. Fremdling und R. Stäglin über Fortschritte bei der Erstellung einer historischen Input-Output-Tabelle für das Deutsche Reich im Jahr 1936. Sie präsentieren einen aktualisierten Ausschnitt ihrer Tabelle und stellen Vergleiche mit der Industriestruktur im früheren Bundesgebiet zu Beginn der 1950er Jahre an. Sie zeigen den Einfluss von Aufrüstung, Krieg und Zerstörung auf die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung in Deutschland in zwei Jahrzehnten. Der zweite Schwerpunkt liegt auf verschiedenen Anwendungsfeldern der Input-Output-Methode. Ein Beitrag kommt aus den Umweltökonomischen Gesamtrechnungen. H. Mayer greift sich die Abbildung des Bereichs Energie heraus und führt eine energetische Input-Output-Analyse aus. Im zweiten Beitrag geht A. Diekmann dem Zusammenhang zwischen Konsum und Verkehr nach. Auf der Grundlage der deutschen Input-Output-Tabelle für das Jahr 2000 wird nicht nur die von den Ausgaben der privaten Haushalte für Verkehrsleistungen ausgehende direkte Abhängigkeit der einzelnen Verkehrszweige vom Konsum, sondern auch die indirekte, die in den anderen Güterkäufen und in deren Wert enthalten ist, untersucht. Der dritte Schwerpunkt wendet sich der Rolle der Preise bei der Abbildung der Transaktionen in den Volkswirtschaftlichen Gesamtrechnungen und den Input-Output-Tabellen zu. Die offenen Flanken der Deflationierung anhand der Vorjahrespreisbasis diskutiert U.-P. Reich in seinem Beitrag und setzt ihr die Idee der Volumensrechnung in Vorjahrespreisen mit anschließender Deflationierung anhand der im Zeitablauf geänderten Kaufkraftparitäten entgegen. Anders als in der Konzeptdebatte greift der Beitrag von H.-U. Brautzsch und U. Ludwig auf eine Zeitreihe von deutschen Input-Output-Tabellen für die 1990er Jahre zurück, die anhand einer Festpreisbasis, nämlich der Preise aus dem Jahr 1995, deflationiert wurden. Am Beispiel der in den vergangenen Jahren heftig diskutierten Importabhängigkeit der deutschen Exporte zeigen sie, dass die grundsätzliche Aussage zum Anstieg des Importgehalts der Exportgüterproduktion auf gesamtwirtschaftlicher Ebene invariant gegenüber der Analyse zu jeweiligen oder konstanten Preisen ist.
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Business cycle forecast 2008: German upswing takes a break
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 1,
2008
Abstract
Economic growth in the industrial countries will be much more muted in 2008 than in the past year. One cause is the prolonged oil price hike during 2007. The second and more important cause is the intensification of tensions on world financial markets. Due to problems in the financial sector, credit expansion will slow next year in the euro area as well as in the US. This will dampen demand in the real economy. A significant downswing in the industrial countries, however, is not the most likely scenario: in the US, expansive economic policy and a weak dollar that gives production in the US a competitive edge will prevent the economy from sliding into recession. In the euro area, high profitability of firms and structural improvements in the working of labour markets will help the economy cope with the stronger euro and with higher costs of external financing due to the turmoil in the financial sector. In Germany, the upswing has still not reached the demand of private households. The main reason is that real wages were stagnating in 2007 and will not rise by much in 2008, since inflation has accelerated considerably at the end of last year. In addition, weaker dynamics of external demand will dampen export growth. This and the end of tax incentives for investment at the end of 2007 will dampen investment activity. All in all, the economy will slow down in the first half of 2008. However, chances are good that the upswing will only have taken a break: when the dampening external shocks have ceased, the driving powers of the upswing will prevail; dynamic employment growth is a reflection of the strong confidence of firms. A major risk for employment and for the German economy in general is, however, the possibility that the policy concerning the labour markets changes course; bad omens are the recent the introduction of minimum wages for postal services and the announced extension of unemployment benefits for persons older than 50.
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Globalisierung und Beschäftigung – eine Untersuchung mit der Input-Output-Methode.
Udo Ludwig, Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch
IMK Studies Nr. 1/2008,
No. 1,
2008
Abstract
In the course of globalization imports play a more and more important role as inputs for national production. In the wake of this development, domestic products are substituted by imported goods and jobs are moved abroad. However, this enables domestic companies to become more competitive and to improve their position in national and international markets. Applying input-output techniques this paper shows that, although imports have risen considerably, the increase in domestic production induced by exports had an overall positive impact on the German economy. This holds not only for the trade balance of production sectors that are oriented to export activities, but for the trade balance as a whole. Overall, high export surpluses were accompanied by increases in value added. Furthermore, especially in the second half of the last decade employment benefited much; while the rising import of intermediate and finished goods has caused many job cuts, on balance the increase in employment in the wake of the strong export expansion has outdone the losses.
Even though many industrialized economies in Europe have made similar experiences, the impacts on job markets differed considerably. For example, while the strength of the increase in employment in the Netherlands was similarly to that in Germany, labour market improvements in France were much weaker, not least due to noticeably lower export surpluses.
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East German Economy: Demand Push Stronger than Structural Deficiencies
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 7,
2007
Abstract
In 2006, growth of production was surprisingly strong in Eastern Germany. The structural deficiencies there would have suggested a slower pace. In particular, linkages with national and international business cycles have been underestimated. To a large part, the reason why output grew by 3 per cent did not come from Eastern Germany itself, but from the Old Länder and from abroad. In the New Länder, the strong upward swing in investment activity stimulated the economy. However, owing to a small increase in total income of private households, their purchasing power lagged behind.
The improved ability of East German firms to absorb cyclical impulses from exports and from Germany’s general investment activity proved to be a crucial factor. In particular, the endowment of workplaces with modern production facilities as well as the continued reduction in the disadvantages with respect to cost-competitiveness in the tradable goods sector were beneficial. The labour cost advantage compared to West German competitors increased further while the disadvantage compared to those from Central and Eastern Europe decreased.
Benefiting from these factors, economic activity in Eastern Germany will grow faster than in the Old Länder as long as the upswing in Germany and abroad remains strong. In 2007 and 2008, investments – especially in equipment – and exports will be the driving forces again. For exports, the strongly expanding markets in Central and Eastern Europe as well as in Russia will gain in importance. As income and employment prospects improve, private consumption will support the growth in production. Registered unemployment should decrease below the 1-million threshold.
Manufacturing will remain the primary force of the upswing; its advantages in production costs will not vanish as long as, even in presence of scarcity of skilled labour, salaries and wages do not increase more than in Western Germany. In the wake of robust economic growth, the New Länder will make further progress in catching up with respect to production and income.
Companies will regain support from the banking industry. Yet, investment capital still stems from public funding programmes to a non-negligible extent. In the medium run, access to credit will ease as a result of further improvements in the firms’ net worth position. However, dependency on internal funds remains high and exposes companies to comparatively strong cyclical risks. In an economic downturn, the structural deficiencies of the East German economy will impair economic expansion.
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Russia: Importance of the Energy Sector for the Economic Growth Remains High
Martina Kämpfe
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 7,
2007
Abstract
In 2006, Russian economic growth was once more driven by surging private consumption and investment. Thanks to the high energy prices, the boom in export revenues continued. Enterprises had increased earnings from oil and other natural resources, and also the government budget had high surpluses. Both led to significantly faster growth of investments. Construction sector and industry benefited from rising investments, but domestic demand of investment and consumption also covered by increased imports. The importance of the energy sector for the economy remains high. But sustainable long-term growth will require even more investment as well as substantial improvements in economic restructuring.
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Africa – Commodity Dependence, Resource Curse and Export Diversification. African Development Perspectives Yearbook 2007, Vol. 12
Tobias Knedlik, Chicot Eboué, Achim Gutowski, Afeikhena Jerome, Touna Mama, Mareike Meyn, Karl Wohlmuth
,
2007
Abstract
This Volume 12 of the African Development Perspectives Yearbook deals - in the form of country cases and country units - with African countries' state of commodity dependence, their efforts for export diversification, and their vulnerability to crises and disasters. These problems are considered in the context of the continent's abundance of natural resources, especially the strategic oil resources. African countries' high dependency on a few primary export goods is one of the reasons for their vulnerability to conflicts. In this volume of the African Development Perspectives Yearbook, the focus is on the vulnerability of resource-rich, mainly oil-exporting, African countries. Strategies of export diversification, options how to overcome political instabilities that impede investment, and strategies how to work towards reconstruction and sustainable economic and political development are discussed by highlighting examples from various resource-rich countries. It is analysed how these countries can manage to escape from the primary commodities dilemma by pro-active economic policies and especially by solving political conflicts that have arisen from resource rent.
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Außenhandel als Wachstumsmotor für Ostdeutschland
Götz Zeddies, Renate Ohr
Wirtschaftsdienst,
No. 9,
2007
Abstract
Whereas in the first years after reunification, GDP growth in Eastern Germany was considerably higher than in the Western part of the country, the catching-up of the newly formed German states slowed down since the end of the 1990s. But this was primarily caused by the development of domestic demand, whilst exports grew considerably. By means of an empirical model, the article reveals future export potentials of the New Laender and arrives at the conclusion that international trade might continue to stimulate GDP growth in Eastern Germany.
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Aktuelle Trends: IWH-Konjunkturbarometer Ostdeutschland: Wachstumspause zum Jahresauftakt
Udo Ludwig
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2007
Abstract
Nach einer neuen Schätzung des Instituts für Wirtschaftsforschung Halle ist das Bruttoinlandsprodukt in den neuen Bundesländern im vergangenen Jahr um rund 3% gestiegen. Der Zuwachs ist größer als bislang von der amtlichen Statistik gemeldet worden ist, und er übertrifft alle Prognosen deutlich. Der vom Export und den Investitionen getriebene Aufschwung der deutschen Wirtschaft hat im vergangenen Jahr das Verarbeitende Gewerbe von der Ostsee bis zum Erzgebirge und den Thüringer Wald zu hohen Produktionsleistungen angespornt. Die industrielle Wertschöpfung erhöhte sich in den ostdeutschen Flächenländern erneut etwa doppelt so stark wie in den alten Bundesländern. Ihr Zuwachs fiel diesmal mit knapp 12% sehr hoch aus. Dies war der Hauptgrund für das kräftige Wachstum der Produktion insgesamt. Hinzu kam die ausgebliebene Bremswirkung vom Bau.
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FDI versus exports: Evidence from German banks
Claudia M. Buch, A. Lipponer
Journal of Banking and Finance,
No. 3,
2007
Abstract
We use a new bank-level dataset to study the FDI-versus-exports decision for German banks. We extend the literature on multinational firms in two directions. First, we simultaneously study FDI and the export of cross-border financial services. Second, we test recent theories on multinational firms which show the importance of firm heterogeneity [Helpman, E., Melitz, M.J., Yeaple, S.R., 2004. Export versus FDI. American Economic Review 94 (1), 300–316]. Our results show that FDI and cross-border services are complements rather than substitutes. Heterogeneity of banks has a significant impact on the internationalization decision. More profitable and larger banks are more likely to expand internationally than smaller banks. They have more extensive foreign activities, and they are more likely to engage in FDI in addition to cross-border financial services.
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