Transmitting Fiscal Covid-19 Counterstrikes Effectively: Mind the Banks!
Reint E. Gropp, Michael Koetter, William McShane
IWH Online,
Nr. 2,
2020
Abstract
The German government launched an unprecedented range of support programmes to mitigate the economic fallout from the Covid-19 pandemic for employees, self-employed, and firms. Fiscal transfers and guarantees amount to approximately €1.2 billion by now and are supplemented by similarly impressive measures taken at the European level. We argue in this note that the pandemic poses, however, also important challenges to financial stability in general and bank resilience in particular. A stable banking system is, in turn, crucial to ensure that support measures are transmitted to the real economy and that credit markets function seamlessly. Our analysis shows that banks are exposed rather differently to deteriorated business outlooks due to marked differences in their lending specialisation to different economic sectors. Moreover, a number of the banks that were hit hardest by bleak growth prospects of their borrowers were already relatively thinly capitalised at the outset of the pandemic. This coincidence can impair the ability and willingness of selected banks to continue lending to their mostly small and medium sized entrepreneurial customers. Therefore, ensuring financial stability is an important pre-requisite to also ensure the effectiveness of fiscal support measures. We estimate that contracting business prospects during the first quarter of 2020 could lead to an additional volume of non-performing loans (NPL) among the 40 most stressed banks ‒ mostly small, regional relationship lenders ‒ on the order of around €200 million. Given an initial stock of NPL of €650 million, this estimate thus suggests a potential level of NPL at year-end of €1.45 billion for this fairly small group of banks already. We further show that 17 regional banking markets are particularly exposed to an undesirable coincidence of starkly deteriorating borrower prospects and weakly capitalised local banks. Since these regions are home to around 6.8% of total employment in Germany, we argue that ensuring financial stability in the form of healthy bank balance sheets should be an important element of the policy strategy to contain the adverse real economic effects of the pandemic.
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Internationale Konjunkturprognose und konjunkturelle Szenarien für die Jahre 2019 bis 2024
Andrej Drygalla, Oliver Holtemöller, Axel Lindner
IWH Online,
Nr. 1,
2020
Abstract
In der vorliegenden Studie werden zunächst die weltweiten konjunkturellen Aussichten für das Ende des Jahres 2019 und für die Jahre 2020 bis 2024 dargestellt. Dabei wird folgender Länderkreis betrachtet: Deutschland, Frankreich, Griechenland, Großbritannien, Irland, Italien, Niederlande, Polen, Portugal, Schweden, Slowakei, Spanien und Tschechien. Die Weltkonjunktur hat sich weiter abgekühlt. Seit Jahresanfang stagniert die Produktion im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe, in den fortgeschrittenen Volkswirtschaften ist sie sogar gesunken. Der internationale Warenhandel ist in der Tendenz seit Herbst 2018 rückläufig. Gleichwohl hat sich die Dynamik der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Produktion nur moderat verlangsamt, denn die Dienstleistungen expandieren weiterhin deutlich. Der Rückgang des Welthandels und der Abschwung im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe dürften nicht zuletzt eine Folge der von den USA ausgehenden handelspolitischen Konflikte sein. Auch die gegenwärtigen Probleme der Automobilbranche schlagen auf den internationalen Handel durch. Für die nächsten Quartale ist mit einer schwachen Dynamik der weltwirtschaftlichen Produktion zu rechnen. Ein wesentliches Risiko für die internationale Konjunktur besteht darin, dass die Schwäche im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe auf die Dienstleistungsbranchen übergreift, etwa wenn sich Insolvenzen von Unternehmen des Verarbeitenden Gewerbes häuften oder Arbeitsplatzverluste und niedrigere Lohnabschlüsse in diesen Branchen die Konsumnachfrage der privaten Haushalte deutlich verringerten. Zudem ist möglich, dass es zu einer weiteren Eskalation der Handelskonflikte kommt. Sollten die USA etwa tatsächlich Importzölle auf Automobile aus der EU einführen, würde dies einen deutlichen negativen Einfluss auf die europäischen Exporte in die USA haben. Auch der weiterhin vertraglich nicht geregelte Austritt Großbritanniens aus der Europäischen Union stellt ein erhebliches Risiko für Europa dar. Die wahrscheinlichste wirtschaftliche Entwicklung in dem betrachteten Länderkreis (Basisszenario) wird anhand grundlegender volkswirtschaftlicher Kennzahlen, etwa der Zuwachsrate des Bruttoinlandsprodukts, beschrieben. Es wird auch die Entwicklung für den Fall skizziert, dass die Weltwirtschaft eine ungünstige, eine sehr ungünstige Wendung (mittelschweres und schweres Negativszenario), oder auch eine günstige Wendung nimmt (Positivszenario). Das mittelschwere Negativszenario ist so gewählt, dass die gesamtwirtschaftliche Produktion in der betrachteten Ländergruppe im Jahr 2020 gemäß der aus dem Modell resultierenden Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilung nur mit einer Wahrscheinlichkeit von 10% noch geringer ausfällt; das schwere Negativszenario ist so gewählt, dass sich mit einer Wahrscheinlichkeit von nur 1% eine noch geringere Produktion realisieren dürfte. Das Positivszenario wird schließlich so gewählt, dass es mit einer Wahrscheinlichkeit von nur 10% zu einer noch höheren Produktion in der genannten Ländergruppe kommen dürfte. Im Basisszenario liegt der Produktionszuwachs im betrachteten europäischen Länderkreis in den Jahren 2019 und 2020 bei jeweils 1,3%. Im Fall eines mittelschweren Einbruchs bleibt die Zuwachsrate der europäischen Ländergruppe im Jahr 2020 mit -0,2% um 1,5 Prozentpunkte unter der Rate im Basisszenario, im Fall eines schweren Einbruchs mit -1,4% um 2,7 Prozentpunkte. Besonders stark bricht in den negativen Risikoszenarien die Produktion in Griechenland, der Slowakei, Polen und Irland ein. Besonders stabil ist die Produktion dagegen in Frankreich. Der weltwirtschaftliche Schock reduziert die Produktion in Deutschland ungefähr so stark wie im Durchschnitt der Ländergruppe, die deutsche Wirtschaft erholt sich dann aber etwas rascher. Die länderspezifischen Szenarien erlauben auch die Antwort auf die Frage, wie stark die deutsche Wirtschaft von dem Wirtschaftseinbruch eines bestimmten Landes aus dem europäischen Länderkreis betroffen ist. Es zeigt sich, dass es für Deutschland zu keinen messbaren Produktionsverlusten kommt. Umgekehrt führt ein schwerer konjunktureller Einbruch in Deutschland aber zu einem spürbaren Rückgang des Produktionszuwachses im selben Jahr insbesondere in Tschechien und in Polen.
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The Creation and Evolution of Entrepreneurial Public Markets
Shai B. Bernstein, Abhishek Dev, Josh Lerner
Journal of Financial Economics,
Nr. 2,
2020
Abstract
This paper explores the creation and evolution of new stock exchanges around the world geared toward entrepreneurial companies, known as second-tier exchanges. Using hand-collected novel data, we show the proliferation of these exchanges in many countries, their significant volume of Initial Public Offerings (IPOs), and lower listing requirements. Shareholder protection strongly predicted exchange success, even in countries with high levels of venture capital activity, patenting, and financial market development. Better shareholder protection allowed younger, less-profitable, but faster-growing, companies to raise more capital. These results highlight the importance of institutions in enabling the provision of entrepreneurial capital to young companies.
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Banks’ Equity Performance and the Term Structure of Interest Rates
Elyas Elyasiani, Iftekhar Hasan, Elena Kalotychou, Panos K. Pouliasis, Sotiris Staikouras
Financial Markets, Institutions and Instruments,
Nr. 2,
2020
Abstract
Using an extensive global sample, this paper investigates the impact of the term structure of interest rates on bank equity returns. Decomposing the yield curve to its three constituents (level, slope and curvature), the paper evaluates the time-varying sensitivity of the bank’s equity returns to these constituents by using a diagonal dynamic conditional correlation multivariate GARCH framework. Evidence reveals that the empirical proxies for the three factors explain the variations in equity returns above and beyond the market-wide effect. More specifically, shocks to the long-term (level) and short-term (slope) factors have a statistically significant impact on equity returns, while those on the medium-term (curvature) factor are less clear-cut. Bank size plays an important role in the sense that exposures are higher for SIFIs and large banks compared to medium and small banks. Moreover, banks exhibit greater sensitivities to all risk factors during the crisis and postcrisis periods compared to the pre-crisis period; though these sensitivities do not differ for market-oriented and bank-oriented financial systems.
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Bank Accounting Regulations, Enforcement Mechanisms, and Financial Statement Informativeness: Cross-country Evidence
Augustine Duru, Iftekhar Hasan, Liang Song, Yijiang Zhao
Accounting and Business Research,
Nr. 3,
2020
Abstract
We construct measures of accounting regulations and enforcement mechanisms that are specific to a country's banking industry. Using a sample of major banks in 37 economies, we find that the informativeness of banks’ financial statements, measured by the value relevance of earnings and common equity, is higher in countries with stricter bank accounting regulations and countries with stronger enforcement. These findings suggest that superior bank accounting and enforcement mechanisms enhance the informativeness of banks’ financial statements. In addition, we find that the effects of bank accounting regulations are more pronounced in countries with stronger enforcement in the banking industry, suggesting that enforcement is complementary to bank accounting regulations in achieving higher value relevance of financial statements. Our study has important policy implications for bank regulators.
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Does Working at a Start-Up Pay Off?
Daniel Fackler, Lisa Hölscher, Claus Schnabel, Antje Weyh
Abstract
Using representative linked employer-employee data for Germany, this paper analyzes short- and long-run differences in labor market performance of workers joining startups instead of incumbent firms. Applying entropy balancing and following individuals over ten years, we find huge and long-lasting drawbacks from entering a start-up in terms of wages, yearly income, and (un)employment. These disadvantages hold for all groups of workers and types of start-ups analyzed. Although our analysis of different subsequent career paths highlights important heterogeneities, it does not reveal any strategy through which workers joining start-ups can catch up with the income of similar workers entering incumbent firms.
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Intangible Capital and Productivity. Firm-level Evidence from German Manufacturing
Wolfhard Kaus, Viktor Slavtchev, Markus Zimmermann
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 1,
2020
Abstract
We study the importance of intangible capital (R&D, software, patents) for the measurement of productivity using firm-level panel data from German manufacturing. We first document a number of facts on the evolution of intangible investment over time, and its distribution across firms. Aggregate intangible investment increased over time. However, the distribution of intangible investment, even more so than that of physical investment, is heavily right-skewed, with many firms investing nothing or little, and a few firms having very large intensities. Intangible investment is also lumpy. Firms that invest more intensively in intangibles (per capita or as sales share) also tend to be more productive. In a second step, we estimate production functions with and without intangible capital using recent control function approaches to account for the simultaneity of input choice and unobserved productivity shocks. We find a positive output elasticity for research and development (R&D) and, to a lesser extent, software and patent investment. Moreover, the production function estimates show substantial heterogeneity in the output elasticities across industries and firms. While intangible capital has small effects for firms with low intangible intensity, there are strong positive effects for high-intensity firms. Finally, including intangibles in a gross output production function reduces productivity dispersion (measured by the 90-10 decile range) on average by 3%, in some industries as much as nearly 9%.
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Business Dynamics Statistics of High Tech Industries
Nathan Goldschlag, Javier Miranda
Journal of Economics and Management Strategy,
Nr. 1,
2020
Abstract
Modern market economies are characterized by the reallocation of resources from less productive, less valuable activities to more productive, more valuable ones. Businesses in the High Tech sector play a particularly important role in this reallocation by introducing new products and services that impact the entire economy. In this paper we describe an extension to the Census Bureau’s Business Dynamics Statistics that tracks job creation, job destruction, startups, and exits by firm and establishment characteristics, including sector, firm age, and firm size in the High Tech sector. We preview the resulting statistics, showing the structural shifts in the High Tech sector over the past 30 years, including the surge of entry and young firm activity in the 1990s that reversed abruptly in the early‐2000s.
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Nowcasting East German GDP Growth: a MIDAS Approach
João Carlos Claudio, Katja Heinisch, Oliver Holtemöller
Empirical Economics,
Nr. 1,
2020
Abstract
Economic forecasts are an important element of rational economic policy both on the federal and on the local or regional level. Solid budgetary plans for government expenditures and revenues rely on efficient macroeconomic projections. However, official data on quarterly regional GDP in Germany are not available, and hence, regional GDP forecasts do not play an important role in public budget planning. We provide a new quarterly time series for East German GDP and develop a forecasting approach for East German GDP that takes data availability in real time and regional economic indicators into account. Overall, we find that mixed-data sampling model forecasts for East German GDP in combination with model averaging outperform regional forecast models that only rely on aggregate national information.
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Labor Market Power and the Distorting Effects of International Trade
Matthias Mertens
International Journal of Industrial Organization,
January
2020
Abstract
This article examines how final product trade with China shapes and interacts with labor market imperfections that create market power in labor markets and prevent an efficient market outcome. I develop a framework for measuring such labor market power distortions in monetary terms and document large degrees of these distortions in Germany's manufacturing sector. Import competition only exerts labor market disciplining effects if firms, rather than employees, possess labor market power. Otherwise, increasing export demand and import competition both fortify existing distortions, which decreases labor market efficiency. This widens the gap between potential and realized output and thus diminishes classical gains from trade.
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