Determinants of Female Migration – The Case of German NUTS 3 Regions
Alexander Kubis, Lutz Schneider
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 12,
2007
Abstract
Our study examines the regional patterns and determinants of migration flows of young women. At the NUTS-3 regional level, i.e. the district level (Kreise), the German internal migration flows of the year 2005 are explored. From descriptive statistics it can be seen that peripheral regions in East Germany face the strongest migration deficit with respect to young women, whereas agglomerations in West Germany but also in the East benefit from an intense migration surplus within this group. An econometric analysis of determinants of regional migration flows gives evidence of the importance of labour market, family-related and educational migration motives. Generally speaking, young women tend to choose regions with good income and job opportunities, in addition they seem to be attracted by regions enabling an appropriate balance between family and career. Furthermore the existence of excellent educational facilities is a significant influence for young women’s migration. This educationally motivated type of migration generates a long lasting effect on the regional migration balance, especially when the educational opportunities in the destination region are associated with adequate career perspectives for high qualified female graduates. In view of considerable losses due to migration, the study shows various options for action. An important course of action is to incorporate policy measures improving regional employment and income opportunities. Secondly, extending vocational and academic offers addressed to women seems to be a suitable way to stimulate women’s immigration. Moreover, enhancing the social infrastructure, which contributes to a satisfactory work life balance, might attract young women or at least reduce the number of them leaving a region.
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Does Qualification Drive Innovation? A Microeconometric Analysis Using Linked-employer-employee Data
Bianca Brandenburg, Jutta Günther, Lutz Schneider
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 10,
2007
Abstract
Degree-level science and engineering skills as well as management and leadership skills are often referred to as a source of innovative activities within companies. Broken down by sectoral innovation patterns, this article examines the role of formal education and actual occupation for product innovation performance in manufacturing firms within a probit model. It uses unique micro data for Germany (LIAB) that contain detailed information about innovative activities and the qualification of employees. We find significant differences of the human capital endowment between sectors differentiated according to the Pavitt classification. Sectors with a high share of highly skilled employees engage in product innovation above average (specialized suppliers and science based industries). According to our hitherto estimation results, within these sectors the share of highly skilled employees does not, however, substantially increase the probability to be an innovative firm.
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Developing Collaborative Advantage: Preconditions and Restrictions for ‘Knowledge City’ Strategies in East Germany
Peter Franz
Institutions for Knowledge Generation and Knowledge Flows - Building Innovative Capabilities for Regions. Papers presented at the 10th Uddevalla Symposium 2007,
2007
Abstract
Auch in Deutschland ist der Trend zu beobachten, dass Städte, die als Standorte für Wissenschaftseinrichtungen dienen, diese Einrichtungen in neue wachstumsorientierte Entwicjklungsstrategien einbinden. Ein quantitativer Überblick zeigt, dass viele deutsche Städte über günstige Voraussetzungen für eine solche Strategie verfügen. Eine Analyse der verfügbaren politischen Instrumente zeigt, dass die politischen Akteure vor der Aufgabe stehen, ihre Fähigkeiten der Netzwerkanbahnung in eine komplexe Mehrebenen-Politik einzubringen. Im Vergleich mit der Situation US-amerikanischer Universitäten zeigt, dass deutsche Universitäten noch zu geringe Handlungsautonomie besitzen, was Kooperationen zwischen derkommunalen Ebene und der Universditätsebene behindert. Erste Beispiele der Deregulierung zeigen, dass diese Barrieren zukünftig überwunden werden können.
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Explaining Persistant Unemployment in Eastern Germany
Udo Ludwig, John B. Hall
Journal of Post Keynesian Economics,
Nr. 4,
2007
Abstract
Die anhaltend hohe Unterbeschäftigung in Ostdeutschland wird mit der im Vergleich zum Arbeitsangebot geringen Nachfrage der Unternehmen nach Arbeitskräften erklärt. Maßgeblich für die fehlenden Angebote an Arbeitsplätzen durch die Wirtschaft sind die hohe Kapitalintensität der Produktion sowie das mit der Re-Industrialisierung verbundene Spezialisierungsmuster der ostdeutschen Produktion.
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Lower Firm-Specific Productivity Levels in East Germany and East European Industrial Branches: The Role of Managerial Factors
Johannes Stephan
Germany’s Economic Performance: From Unification to Euroization,
2007
Abstract
During the socialist era, companies in East Germany became much weaker than firms in West Germany in terms of technology and competitiveness. In large part, this may be rooted in the different incentive structures of the two systems: whereas in the West, the criterion for companies’ success was their ability to remain in business and generate income in a contestable market environment, firms in the East were required to fulfil a plan to which they were subjected without having their opinions considered.
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Editorial
Ulrich Blum
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
Nr. 5,
2007
Abstract
Stehen Länder im Wettbewerb? Nein sagen viele Wirtschaftswissenschaftler, weil Staaten als politische Organisationen keine international handelbaren Güter erstellen. Tatsächlich aber gibt es eine Konkurrenz der Standorte um die besten Rahmenbedingungen. Historisch waren dies vor allem materielle Infrastrukturen – der „Überbau“, so meinte man, folge dann von selbst. Die Kette lief vereinfacht vom Straßenbau über die Industrieansiedlung zum wirtschaftlichen Erfolg, mit dem dann auch soziale Infrastrukturen, beispielsweise im Bereich der Bildung, einhergehen. Friedrich List hingegen postulierte, gute Institutionen seien die echten Quellen des Wachstums. Als Begründer der ökonomischen Humankapitaltheorie erkannte er die Bedeutung des Lernens, auch von anderen. Gegenwärtig beherrscht dies China meisterhaft. Deutschland verdankt dem technologisch-wirtschaftlichen Nacheifern Englands im 19. Jahrhundert seinen Wohlstand. In Gegenwehr setzte England den Herkunftsausweis „Made in Germany“ durch – da aber hatte Deutschland schon aufgeschlossen.
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What Determines the Efficiency of Regional Innovation Systems?
Michael Fritsch, Viktor Slavtchev
Jena Economic Research Papers, Nr. 2007-006,
Nr. 6,
2007
Abstract
We assess the efficiency of regional innovation systems (RIS) in Germany by means of a knowledge production function. This function relates private sector research and development (R&D) activity in a region to the number of inventions that have been registered by residents of that region. Different measures and estimation approaches lead to rather similar assessments. We find that both spillovers within the private sector as well as from universities and other public research institutions have a positive effect on the efficiency of private sector R&D in the respective region. It is not the mere presence and size of public research institutions, but rather the intensity of interactions between private and public sector R&D that leads to high RIS efficiency. We find that relationship between the diversity of a regions’ industry structure and the efficiency of its innovation system is inversely u-shaped. Regions dominated by large establishments tend to be less efficient than regions with a lower average establishment size.
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Economic 'Clusters' in East Germany: Evidence on the Location and the Characteristics of Spatially Concentrated Industries
Martin T. W. Rosenfeld, Peter Franz, Gerhard Heimpold
Post-Communist Economies,
Nr. 1,
2007
Abstract
Im Beitrag werden empirische Befunde zur Frage präsentiert, in welchen Teilräumen Ostdeutschlands sich Branchenkonzentrationen mit „Cluster“-Qualitäten herausgebildet haben. Solche Qualitäten wurden im Rahmen der empirischen Untersuchung als gegeben angesehen, wenn ein räumlicher Branchenschwerpunkt mit Netzwerkaktivitäten und innovativen Kompetenzen einhergeht. Die Befunde zeigen, daß Branchenschwerpunkte, die die genannten Eigenschaften haben, relativ rar sind, und daß sie am ehesten in den ostdeutschen Agglomerationsräumen existieren. Vor diesem Hintergrund plädiert der Beitrag dafür, anstelle einer „Gießkannenförderung“ die Mittel der Regionalpolitik stärker räumlich zu konzentrieren zugunsten von Standorten mit Branchenschwerpunkten. Dort sollten vor allem Vernetzungen und innovative Kompetenzen gestärkt werden.
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Local Government Control and Efficiency of the Water Industry: An Empirical Analysis of Water Suppliers in East Germany
Peter Haug
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 3,
2007
Abstract
The paper deals with the effects of local governments’ interference with business affairs of publicly owned utilities. A partial model is presented to illustrate the consequences of “democratic control” for the public managers’ effort and the efficiency of local public production. To check the theoretical results empirically, a two-stage data envelopment analysis (DEA) is carried out for a sample of East German water suppliers. The organisational form is used as a measure for the degree of municipal control. The results of the OLS- and Tobit regression indicate an efficiency-enhancing effect of organisational forms with less distinctive control options for local politicians.
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Local Public Utilities' Profits and Municipal Expenses in Germany: An Empirical Analysis
Peter Haug, Birger Nerré
Proceedings of the 99th Annual Conference on Taxation (November 16-18), Washington DC,
2006
Abstract
The article offers information on profits and municipal expenses of local public utilities in Germany. It reveals that cities and municipalities faced rising expenses over the last years and the only way for local governments to avoid budgetary bottlenecks is to postpone infrastructure investment and increase short-term borrowing. The countries municipalities tried to overcome such difficulties by increasing local public utilities' profits.
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