Contestability, Technology and Banking
S. Corvoisier, Reint E. Gropp
ZEW Discussion Papers, No. 09-007,
Nr. 7,
2009
Abstract
We estimate the effect of internet penetration on retail bank margins in the euro area. Based on an adapted Baumol [1982] type contestability model, we argue that the internet has reduced sunk costs and therefore increased contestability in retail banking. We test this conjecture by estimating the model using semi-aggregated data for a panel of euro area countries. We utilise time series and cross-sectional variation in internet penetration. We find support for an increase in contestability in deposit markets, and no effect for loan markets. The paper suggests that for time and savings deposits, the presence of brick and mortar bank branches may no longer be of first order importance for the assessment of the competitive structure of the market.
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Growth, Volatility, and Credit Market Imperfections: Evidence from German Firms
Claudia M. Buch, Jörg Döpke
Journal of Economic Studies,
2008
Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is two-fold. First, it studies whether output volatility and growth are linked at the firm-level, using data for German firms. Second, it explores whether the link between volatility and growth depends on the degree of credit market imperfections.
Design/methodology/approach – The authors use a novel firm-level dataset provided by the Deutsche Bundesbank, the so-called Financial Statements Data Pool. The dataset has time series observations for German firms for the period 1997-2004, and the authors use information on the debt-to-assets or leverage ratio of firms to proxy for credit-constraints at the firm-level. As additional proxies for the importance of credit market imperfections, we use information on the size and on the legal status of firms.
Findings – The authors find that higher volatility has a negative impact on growth for small and a positive impact for larger firms. Higher leverage is associated with higher growth. At the same time, there is heterogeneity in the determinants of growth across firms from different sectors and across firms with a different legal status.
Practical implications – While most traditional macroeconomic models assume that growth and volatility are uncorrelated, a number of microeconomic models suggest that the two may be linked. However, it is unclear whether the link is positive or negative. The paper presents additional evidence regarding this question. Moreover, understanding whether credit market conditions affect the link between volatility and growth is of importance for policy makers since it suggests a channel through which the credit market can have long-run welfare implications. The results stress the importance of firm-level heterogeneity for the effects and effectiveness of economic policy measures.
Originality/value – The paper has two main novel features. First, it uses a novel firm-level dataset to analyze the determinants of firm-level growth. Second, it analyzes the growth-volatility nexus using firm-level data. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first paper, which addresses the link between volatility, growth, and credit market imperfections using firm-level data.
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Are European Equity Style Indices Efficient? – An Empirical Quest in Three Essays
Marian Berneburg
Schriften des IWH,
Nr. 28,
2008
Abstract
Many situations in the history of the stock markets indicate that assets are not always efficiently priced. But why does it matter whether the stock market is efficiently priced? Because “well-functioning financial markets are a key factor to high economic growth”. (Mishkin and Eakins, 2006, pp. 3-4) In three essays, it is the aim of the author to shed some more light on the topic of market efficiency, which is far from being resolved. Since European equity markets have increased in importance globally, the author, instead of focusing on US markets, looks at a unified European equity market. By testing for a random walk in equity prices, revisiting Shiller’s claim of excess volatility through the means of a vector error correction model, and modifying the Gordon-Growth-Model, the book concludes that a small degree of inefficiency cannot be ruled out. While usually European equity markets are pricing assets correctly, some periods (e.g. the late 1990s and early 2000s) show clear signs of mispricing; the hypothesis of a world with two states (regime one, a normal efficient state, and regime two, a state in which markets are more momentum driven) presents a possible explanation.
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Getting out of the ivory tower – New perspectives on the entrepreneurial university
Jutta Günther, Kerstin Wagner
European Journal of International Management,
2008
Abstract
Based on theoretical considerations about the ‘third mission’ of
universities and the discussion of different types of university-industry relations, we conclude that the entrepreneurial university is a manifold institution with direct
mechanisms to support the transfer of technology from academia to industry
as well as indirect mechanisms in support of new business activities via
entrepreneurship education. While existing literature usually deals with one or
another linking mechanism separately, our central hypothesis is that direct and
indirect mechanisms should be interrelated and mutually complementary. We
emphasise the importance of a more holistic view of the entrepreneurial university
and empirically investigate the scope and interrelatedness of direct technology
transfer mechanisms and indirect mechanisms, such as entrepreneurship education
at German universities. We find a variety of activities in both fields and most
universities’ technology transfer facilities and the providers of entrepreneurship
education co-operate in support of innovative start-ups.
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Konjunktur aktuell: Auf der Kippe?
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
Nr. 9,
2008
Abstract
Im Sommer 2008 hat sich die Konjunktur weltweit abgekühlt. Die internationale Finanzkrise hält an und strahlt nun auch auf die reale Wirtschaft in Europa aus. Zudem spüren einige Länder die Verwerfungen an ihren Immobilienmärkten. Viele Banken reagieren auch in Europa auf ihre Verluste, indem sie die Bedingungen der Kreditvergabe weiter verschärfen. Zugleich haben die von der kräftigen Weltnachfrage ausgelösten Preissteigerungen für Energie und Rohstoffe die Dynamik der weltweiten Expansion der Produktion gedrosselt. Allerdings fallen die Preise für Mineralöl und auch für Rohstoffe seit Juli wieder. Damit haben sich die Belastungen für Unternehmen und Verbraucher vor allem in den ölimportierenden Ländern etwas verringert.
Die Entlastungen bei den Ölpreisen sind derzeit auch eines der wenigen Signale, die für eine baldige Belebung der wirtschaftlichen Aktivitäten in den großen Ländern Westeuropas und in Deutschland sprechen. In den USA kam es bisher nicht zu einer Rezession, allerdings ist die wirtschaftliche Dynamik gering. Die größte Volkswirtschaft der Welt fällt damit zwar als Konjunkturmotor für die Weltwirtschaft aus – anders als nach der Finanzmarktkrise in einigen Schwellenländern in den Jahren 1997/98 und nach dem Platzen der Blase am Aktienmarkt im Jahr 2000. In den Schwellenländern gibt es aber derzeit wenig Anzeichen, dass die konjunkturelle Abkühlung tiefe Spuren hinter¬lassen hat. Deren Wirtschaft expandiert weiterhin kräftig und schafft Raum für neue Absatzmärkte der Industrieländer.
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Im Fokus: Hauptgewinner des jüngsten Aufschwungs in Deutschland: der Staat
Axel Lindner
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
Nr. 9,
2008
Abstract
Alle Konjunkturexperten sagen, dass Deutschland in den Jahren 2006 und 2007 einen kräftigen Aufschwung erlebt hat. Andererseits ist der Eindruck verbreitet, dass dieser Aufschwung bei den Einkommen der privaten Haushalte nicht angekommen ist. Ein Blick in die Statistiken der Volkswirtschaftlichen Gesamtrechnung zeigt, dass der Eindruck nicht aus der Luft gegriffen ist. Der beträchtliche Einkommenszuwachs, den der Aufschwung tatsächlich mit sich gebracht hat, ist nämlich vor allem dem Staat zugutegekommen, zu einem geringeren Teil auch den Kapitalgesellschaften und nur sehr begrenzt den privaten Haushalten. Ein weiterer, aber nicht so gewichtiger Grund dafür, dass sich die Realeinkommen der privaten Haushalte trotz starker Konjunktur schwach entwickelt haben, liegt im starken Anstieg der Importpreise aufgrund der Verteuerung von Rohstoffen, vor allem Erdöl.
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Exchange Rates and FDI: Goods versus Capital Market Frictions
Claudia M. Buch, J. Kleinert
World Economy,
im Erscheinen
Abstract
Changes in exchange rates affect countries through their impact on cross-border activities such as trade and foreign direct investment (FDI). With increasing activities of multinational firms, the FDI channel is likely to gain in importance. Economic theory provides two main explanations why changes in exchange rates can affect FDI. According to the first explanation, FDI reacts to exchange rate changes if there are information frictions on capital markets and if investment depends on firms’ net worth (capital market friction hypothesis). According to the second explanation, FDI reacts to exchange rate changes if output and factor markets are segmented, and if firm-specific assets are important (goods market friction hypothesis). We provide a unified theoretical framework of these two explanations. We analyse the implications of the model empirically using a dataset based on detailed German firm-level data. We find greater support for the goods market than for the capital market friction hypothesis.
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09.09.2008 • 33/2008
Konjunktur aktuell: Auf der Kippe?
Im Sommer 2008 hat sich die Konjunktur weltweit abgekühlt. Die internationale Finanzkrise hält an und strahlt nun auch auf die reale Wirtschaft in Europa aus. Zudem spüren einige Länder die Verwerfungen an ihren Immobilienmärkten. Viele Banken reagieren auch in Europa auf ihre Verluste, indem sie die Bedingungen der Kreditvergabe weiter verschärfen. Zugleich haben die von der kräftigen Weltnachfrage ausgelösten Preissteigerungen für Energie und Rohstoffe die Dynamik der weltweiten Expansion der Produktion gedrosselt. Allerdings fallen die Preise für Mineralöl und auch für Rohstoffe seit Juli wieder. Damit haben sich die Belastungen für Unternehmen und Verbraucher vor allem in den ölimportierenden Ländern etwas verringert.
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The Changing Role of the Exchange Rate in a Globalised Economy
Irina Bunda, Filippo di Mauro, Rasmus Rüffer
ECB Occasional Paper Series,
Nr. 94,
2008
Abstract
In addition to its direct effects on the global trading and production structure, the ongoing process of globalisation may have important implications for the interaction of exchange rates and the overall economy. This paper presents evidence regarding possible changes in the role of exchange rates in a more globalised economy. First, it analyses the link between exchange rates and prices, showing that there is at most a moderate decline in exchange rate pass-through for the euro area. Next, it turns to the effect of exchange rate changes on trade flows. The findings indicate that the responsiveness of euro area exports to exchange rate changes may have declined somewhat as a result of globalisation, reflecting mainly shifts in the geographical and sectoral composition of trade flows. The paper also provides a firm-level analysis of the impact of exchange rate changes on corporate profits, which suggests that overall this relationship appears to be relatively stable over time, although there are important cross-country differences. In addition, it studies the overall impact of exchange rates on GDP and the potential role of valuation effects as a transmission channel in the case of the euro area. JEL Classification: E3, F15, F31
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Monetary Policy and Financial (In)stability: An Integrated Micro–Macro Approach
Ferre De Graeve, Thomas Kick, Michael Koetter
Journal of Financial Stability,
Nr. 3,
2008
Abstract
Evidence on central banks’ twin objective, monetary and financial stability, is scarce. We suggest an integrated micro–macro approach with two core virtues. First, we measure financial stability directly at the bank level as the probability of distress. Second, we integrate a microeconomic hazard model for bank distress and a standard macroeconomic model. The advantage of this approach is to incorporate micro information, to allow for non-linearities and to permit general feedback effects between financial distress and the real economy. We base the analysis on German bank and macro data between 1995 and 2004. Our results confirm the existence of a trade-off between monetary and financial stability. An unexpected tightening of monetary policy increases the probability of distress. This effect disappears when neglecting microeffects and non-linearities, underlining their importance. Distress responses are largest for small cooperative banks, weak distress events, and at times when capitalization is low. An important policy implication is that the separation of financial supervision and monetary policy requires close collaboration among members in the European System of Central Banks and national bank supervisors.
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