Der Klimawandel wirkt sich zunehmend auf die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung in aller Welt aus. Ärmere Haushalte sind dabei den Auswirkungen des Klimawandels stärker ausgesetzt und verletzlicher, sodass der Klimawandel die Ungleichheit wahrscheinlich noch verstärken wird. Politische Maßnahmen zur Verringerung der Treibhausgasemissionen können eine Verschärfung des Klimawandels verhindern, schaffen aber auch ökonomische Gewinner und Verlierer. In diesem Beitrag werden die kombinierten Auswirkungen des Klimawandels und ausgewählter politischer Maßnahmen zur Verringerung der Treibhausgasemissionen auf die wirtschaftliche Ungleichheit untersucht. Die Bewertung erfolgt anhand von acht Modellen für die integrierte Analyse von Klimawandel und wirtschaftlicher Entwicklung, die von verschiedenen Forscherteams unter Verwendung unterschiedlicher Annahmen und Methoden entwickelt wurden. Die Ergebnisse basieren auf historischen Daten und Zukunftsszenarien für zehn Länder in unterschiedlichen Entwicklungsstadien. Die Umsetzung einer ehrgeizigen Klimapolitik im Einklang mit dem Pariser Abkommen führt demnach zu einer geringeren Ungleichheit in der Zukunft als der Verzicht auf Maßnahmen zur Milderung des Klimawandels, auch wenn die Ungleichheit aufgrund der Kosten für die Reduzierung der Treibhausgasemissionen kurzfristig zunimmt. Die Verwendung der Einnahmen aus der Kohlenstoffbepreisung kann dazu beitragen, die Verteilungseffekte der Klimapolitik zu dämpfen und die Ungleichheit kurzfristig sogar zu verringern. Diese Ergebnisse unterstreichen die Rolle von Ausgleichsmechanismen bei der Gestaltung einer fairen und politisch durchsetzbaren Klimapolitik.

We study the impact of stricter and more harmonized banking regulation along the income distribution using household survey data for 25 EU countries. Exploiting country-level heterogeneity in the implementation of European Banking Union directives allows us to control for confounders and identify effects. Our results show that these regulatory reforms aimed at increasing financial system resilience affected households heterogeneously. More stringent regulation reduces income growth for low-income households due to employment exits. Yet it tends to increase growth rates at the top of the distribution both for employee and self-employed income.

In most countries, childbirth has a negative impact on the labour market outcomes of mothers, especially for those with lower socioeconomic status. This column presents findings from a field experiment in Germany demonstrating that access to universal early childcare increases full-time employment and household income of mothers with lower socioeconomic status. To improve the labour market outcomes of these mothers, policymakers must provide easier access to early childcare and expand early childcare slots. 

Using variation in the timing and location of branches of failed banks we analyze its effect on income inequality. Employing a difference-in-differences specification we find that bank failures increased the GINI by 0.3 units (or 0.7%). We show that the rise in inequality is due to a decrease in the incomes of the poor that outpaces declines of the rest. We further show that individuals with lower levels of education exhibit a relatively greater decline in real wages and weekly hours worked. Exploring channels of transmission, we find income inequality is explained by a general decline in small business loans. This in turn reduces net new small business formation and their job creation capacity, a sector that hires a substantial share of low-income earners.

Parents influence their children in many ways, but which family features actually cause the strong intergenerational linkages that we observe? This column presents the first causal evidence on cognitive skill transmission in the family. Using Dutch survey and registry data, the authors show that parents’ maths and language skills strongly affect the same skills in their children, and that skills within dynasties are not just genetically determined but are significantly affected by educational experiences. This highlights the importance of good educational environments in alleviating persistent inequalities. 

This paper investigates the impact of international bank flows from G10 lender countries on income inequality in 74 borrower countries over 1999–2013. Specifically, we examine the role of international bank flows contingent upon the Basel 2 capital regulation and the level of financial market development in the borrower countries. First, we find that improvements in the borrower country risk weights due to rating upgrades under the Basel 2 framework significantly increase bank flows, leading to improvements in income inequality. Second, we find that the level of financial market development is also important. We report that a well-functioning financial market helps the poor access credit and thereby reduces inequality. Moreover, we employ threshold estimations to identify the thresholds for each of the financial development measures that borrower countries need to reach before realizing the potential reductions in income inequality from international bank financing.

By adopting an identification strategy of difference‐in‐difference estimation combined with propensity score matching between liberalized and closed countries, this paper provides robust evidence that opening the capital account is associated with an increase in income inequality in developing countries. Specifically, capital account liberalization, in the long run, is associated with a reduction in the income share of the poorest half by 2.66–3.79% points and an increase in that of the richest 10% by 5.19–8.76% points. Moreover, directions and categories of capital account liberalization matter. The relationship is more pronounced when liberalizing inward and equity capital flows.