Using lenders who become members of the Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) as an exogenous shock, we examine whether and how lenders’ commitment to transparent climate-related disclosures affects borrowers’ environmental performance. We find that borrowers of TCFD-member lenders, relative to control firms, significantly improve their environmental performance after the TCFD launch. Lenders’ disclosure commitments influence borrowers through credit rationing and monitoring. Specifically, polluting borrowers face higher borrowing costs, reduced access to credit, and greater incorporation of environmental action covenants in loan agreements. Additionally, polluting borrowers of TCFD-member lenders experience heightened financial constraints. Finally, borrowers of TCFD-member lenders are more likely to adopt the TCFD framework for climate-related disclosure after the TCFD establishment. Together, these findings illuminate the role of lenders in driving corporate environmental performance improvement through their commitment to transparent climate-related disclosures.

We exploit the spatial and temporal variation of the staggered introduction of interstate banking deregulation across the U.S. to study the relationship between credit constraints and consumption of durables. Using the American Housing Survey from 1981 to 1989, we link the timing of these reforms with evidence of a credit expansion and household responses on many margins. We find evidence that low-income households are more likely to purchase new appliances after the deregulation. These durable goods allowed households to consume less natural gas and spend less time in domestic activities after the reforms.

Equity crowdfunding (ECF) has potential benefits that might be attractive to high-quality entrepreneurs, including fast access to a large pool of investors and obtaining feedback from the market. However, there are potential costs associated with ECF due to early public disclosure of entrepreneurial activities, communication costs with large pools of investors, and equity dilution that could discourage future equity investors; these costs suggest that ECF attracts low-quality entrepreneurs. In this paper, we hypothesize that entrepreneurs tied to more risky banks are more likely to be low-quality entrepreneurs and thus are more likely to use ECF. A large sample of ECF campaigns in Germany shows strong evidence that connections to distressed banks push entrepreneurs to use ECF. We find some evidence, albeit less robust, that entrepreneurs who can access other forms of equity are less likely to use ECF. Finally, the data indicate that entrepreneurs who access ECF are more likely to fail.

We exploit the spatial and temporal variation of the staggered introduction of interstate banking deregulation across the U.S. to study the relationship between credit constraints and consumption of durables. Using the American Housing Survey from 1981 to 1993, we link the timing of these reforms with evidence of a credit expansion and household responses on many margins. We find robust evidence that households are more likely to purchase new appliances and invest in home renovations and modifications after the deregulation. These durable goods allowed households to consume less electricity and spend less time in domestic activities after the reforms.

We conduct face-to-face interviews with bank CEOs to classify 397 banks across 21 countries as either relationship or transaction lenders. We then use the geographic coordinates of these banks’ branches and of 14,100 businesses to analyze how the lending techniques of banks in the vicinity of firms are related to credit constraints at two contrasting points of the credit cycle. We find that while relationship lending is not associated with credit constraints during a credit boom, it alleviates such constraints during a downturn. This positive role of relationship lending is stronger for small and opaque firms and in regions with a more severe economic downturn. Moreover, our evidence suggests that relationship lending mitigates the impact of a downturn on firm growth and does not constitute evergreening of loans.

Schrumpfung und Alterung sind in vielen Regionen Deutschlands zu beobachten, in den ostdeutschen Ländern nehmen sie jedoch eine besondere Dimension an. Eine der weniger beachteten ökonomischen Folgen dieser Entwicklung besteht im Rückgang des Potentials an Unternehmensgründungen und neuen Selbständigen. Einerseits führt die Schrumpfung zu einem geringeren Pool an Gründerpersonen, andererseits machen sich Personen typischerweise in jüngeren Jahren selbständig, so daß die Alterung zusätzlich dämpfende Effekte generiert. Das Anliegen der Untersuchung ist, den Einfluß der demographischen Entwicklung auf die Gründungstätigkeit in Ostdeutschland bis 2020 zu quantifizieren. Dazu werden im ersten Schritt anhand des Mikrozensus altersspezifische Gründungsquoten ermittelt, welche im zweiten Schritt mit der Bevölkerungsprojektion im Sinne einer Status-quo-Vorausberechnung kombiniert werden. Es zeigt sich zunächst, daß entsprechend der Erwartungen die Gründungsintensität bei Personen im Alter von 25 bis 39 Jahren besonders hoch ist. In der Folge führt deren demographisch verursachte Verringerung bis 2020 zu einer geschätzten Abnahme der Gründungstätigkeit um ca. 25%, wobei die Reduktion in Berlin mit 14% die deutlich geringsten Ausmaße annimmt, während dem Land Brandenburg mit 32% Rückgang die bedenklichste Entwicklung bevorsteht. Hingegen haben die westdeutschen Bundesländer im untersuchten Zeitraum nur eine Verringerung um 6% zu verzeichnen, was die Größenordnung der Entwicklung im Osten unterstreicht.