The Determinants of Inward Foreign Direct Investment in Business Services Across European Regions
Davide Castellani
Finanza e Statistica 104/2012,
2012
Abstract
The paper accounts for the determinants of inward foreign direct investment in business services across the EU-27 regions. Together with the traditional variables considered in the literature (market size, market quality, agglomeration economies, labour cost, technology, human capital), we focus on the role of forward linkages with manufacturing sectors and other service sectors as
attractors of business services FDI at the regional level. This hypothesis is based on the evidence that the growth of business services is mostly due to increasing intermediate demand by other services industries and by manufacturing industries and on the importance of geographical proximity for forward linkages in services.
To our knowledge, there are no studies investigating the role of forward linkages for the location of FDI. This paper aims therefore to fill this gap and add to the FDI literature by providing a picture of the specificities of the determinants of FDI in business services at the regional level. The empirical analysis draws upon the database fDi Markets, from which we selected projects having as a destination NUTS 2 European regions in the sectors of Business services over the period 2003-2008. Data on FDI have been matched with data drawn from the Eurostat Regio
database. Forward linkages have been constructed using the OECD Input/Output database. By estimating a negative binomial model, we find that regions specialised in those (manufacturing) sectors that are high potential users of business services attract more FDI than other regions. This confirms the role of forward linkages for the localisation of business service FDI, particularly in the case of manufacturing.
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Towards Unrestricted Public Use Business Microdata: The Synthetic Longitudinal Business Database
John M. Abowd, Ron S. Jarmin, Satkartar K. Kinney, Javier Miranda, Jerome P. Reiter, Arnold P. Reznek
International Statistical Review,
No. 3,
2011
Abstract
In most countries, national statistical agencies do not release establishment-level business microdata, because doing so represents too large a risk to establishments’ confidentiality. One approach with the potential for overcoming these risks is to release synthetic data; that is, the released establishment data are simulated from statistical models designed to mimic the distributions of the underlying real microdata. In this article, we describe an application of this strategy to create a public use file for the Longitudinal Business Database, an annual economic census of establishments in the United States comprising more than 20 million records dating back to 1976. The U.S. Bureau of the Census and the Internal Revenue Service recently approved the release of these synthetic microdata for public use, making the synthetic Longitudinal Business Database the first-ever business microdata set publicly released in the United States. We describe how we created the synthetic data, evaluated analytical validity, and assessed disclosure risk.
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Human Capital Investment, New Firm Creation and Venture Capital
Merih Sevilir
Journal of Financial Intermediation,
No. 4,
2010
Abstract
This paper studies the relation between firm investment in general human capital, new firm creation and financial development for new firm financing, such as the existence of a venture capital industry. On one hand, firm investment in general human capital leads employees to generate new innovative ideas for starting their own firm. Since employees need a venture capitalist to start their new firm, firm investment in general human capital encourages the creation of venture capitalists by increasing the need for their services, such as providing advice and monitoring. On the other hand, as new firm financing becomes available, firms' willingness to invest in general human capital increases, and as a by-product, the creation of employee-founded and venture capital-backed new firms increases in the economy. Hence, our model provides a rational explanation for the emergence of new firms created by employees of established firms, which represents one of the most common type of new firms in many industries.
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The Great Risk Shift? Income Volatility in an International Perspective
Claudia M. Buch
CESifo Working Paper No. 2465,
2008
Abstract
Weakening bargaining power of unions and the increasing integration of the world economy may affect the volatility of capital and labor incomes. This paper documents and explains changes in income volatility. Using a theoretical framework which builds distribution risk into a real business cycle model, hypotheses on the determinants of the relative volatility of capital and labor are derived. The model is tested using industry-level data. The data cover 11 industrialized countries, 22 manufacturing and services industries, and a maximum of 35 years. The paper has four main findings. First, the unconditional volatility of labor and capital incomes has declined, reflecting the decline in macroeconomic volatility. Second, the idiosyncratic component of income volatility has hardly changed over time. Third, crosssectional heterogeneity in the evolution of relative income volatilities is substantial. If anything, the labor incomes of high- and low-skilled workers have become more volatile in relative terms. Fourth, income volatility is related to variables measuring the bargaining power of workers. Trade openness has no significant impact.
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A Minimum Wage of 7.50 Euro per Hour Does Particularly Affect Jobs in Business Related Services
Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch, Birgit Schultz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2008
Abstract
In der gegenwärtigen öffentlichen Debatte zur Einführung eines Mindestlohns werden verschiedene Vorschläge zur Ausgestaltung und zu dessen Höhe diskutiert. Vielfach wird ein Mindeststundenlohn von 7,50 Euro genannt. Dabei ist weitgehend unbekannt, wie viele Arbeitnehmer in den einzelnen Branchen derzeit weniger als 7,50 Euro verdienen. Deren Arbeitsplätze könnten bei Einführung eines Mindestlohns betroffen sein. Mit Hilfe von Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels läßt sich zeigen, daß die Anteile der Geringverdiener an den Beschäftigten in einigen Wirtschaftszweigen beträchtlich sind. Insbesondere in Ostdeutschland werden in einzelnen Branchen – vor allem im Einzelhandel sowie bei den wirtschaftsnahen Dienstleistern – besonders viele Arbeitnehmer mit weniger als 7,50 Euro je Stunde entlohnt. Bei einer Erhöhung des Stundenlohns auf die geforderte Mindesthöhe ist gerade in diesen arbeitsintensiven Branchen der Abbau von Beschäftigung zu befürchten.
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The Impact of Technology and Regulation on the Geographical Scope of Banking
Hans Degryse, Steven Ongena
Oxford Review of Economic Policy,
No. 4,
2004
Abstract
We review how technological advances and changes in regulation may shape the (future) geographical scope of banking. We first review how both physical distance and the presence of borders currently affect bank lending conditions (loan pricing and credit availability) and market presence (branching and servicing). Next we discuss how technology and regulation have altered this impact and analyse the current state of the European banking sector. We discuss both theoretical contributions and empirical work and highlight open questions along the way. We draw three main lessons from the current theoretical and empirical literature: (i) bank lending to small businesses in Europe may be characterized both by (local) spatial pricing and resilient (regional and/or national) market segmentation; (ii) because of informational asymmetries in the retail market, bank mergers and acquisitions seem the optimal route of entering another market, long before cross-border servicing or direct entry are economically feasible; and (iii) current technological and regulatory developments may, to a large extent, remain impotent in further dismantling the various residual but mutually reinforcing frictions in the retail banking markets in Europe. We conclude the paper by offering pertinent policy recommendations based on these three lessons.
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Business services in East Germany - an update
Siegfried Beer
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 8,
2004
Abstract
Der Beitrag stellt Ergebnisse der Dienstleistungsstatistik 2001 zum Stand unternehmensbezogener Dienstleistungen in den neuen Ländern (ohne Berlin) dar, die aus Daten der Statistischen Landesämter gewonnen wurden. Damit werden die Resultate einer vorangegangenen Auswertung aktualisiert. Wesentliche Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung sind u. a.: 1. Der Anteil der neuen Länder am gesamtdeutschen Umsatz und an der Beschäftigung unternehmensbezogener Dienstleistungen hat sich gegenüber 2000 leicht erhöht, ist aber nach wie vor relativ klein. 2. In der Rentabilität, gemessen an den Gesamtaufwendungen pro Umsatzeinheit, haben sich die ostdeutschen Unternehmen gegenüber 2000 verschlechtert; zum Teil kann dies aber auch dem zahlenmäßig vergrößerten Betriebskreis geschuldet sein. 3. Die Einschätzung aus der vorherigen Untersuchung, dass die Arbeitsproduktivität (Bruttowertschöpfung pro Beschäftigten) der Unternehmen in Ostdeutschland etwa halb so groß ist wie die der Unternehmen in Westdeutschland, wird durch die neuerliche Analyse bestätigt. Auf die Darstellung von Gründen für die Ost-West-Unterschiede wird hier weitgehend verzichtet, da sie bereits in der ersten Auswertung diskutiert worden sind.
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Obsolete qualification structures restrict growth of business services in the New Länder
Gerald Müller
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 68,
1998
Abstract
n dem Papier wird untersucht, inwieweit Qualifikationsstrukturen das Wachstum bei den produktionsnahen Dienstleistungen in den neuen Ländern behindern. Die Analyse zeigt, dass in manchen Bereichen (z.B. EDV, Steuer- und Rechtsberatung) in absehbarer Zeit die Nachfrage nach Arbeitskräften trotz der hohen Arbeitslosenquote nicht mehr zu decken sein wird. Für einige Bereiche bieten sich berufliche Weiterqualifizierungsmaßnahmen an, für andere eine verstärkte Berufsausbildung.
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Business fluctuations in the service sector
Thorsten Wichmann
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 54,
1997
Abstract
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Business cycle is not completed; on the cyclical effects of higher plant and equipment spending in the service sector
Thorsten Wichmann
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 5,
1997
Abstract
Eine Betrachtung des konjunkturellen Verhaltens der Ausrüstungsinvestitionen in Westdeutschland von 1960 bis 1993 zeigt, dass der Dienstleistungssektor 1960 nur für gut ein Viertel der Ausrüstungsinvestitionen verantwortlich zeichnete, 1993 aber schon für mehr als die Hälfte. Stark zugenommen hat der Dienstleistungsbeitrag zu den Schwankungen der Wachstumsrate der Ausrüstungsinvestitionen.
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