We examine the effects of the big five personalities of CEOs (openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism) on their annual compensation. We hand-collect the tweets of S&P 1500 CEOs and use IBM's Watson Personality Insights to measure their personalities. CEOs with high ratings of agreeableness and conscientiousness get more compensation. We further find that the firms with these CEOs outperform their peers due to better investment efficiency. Firms are willing to pay higher compensation for talent, especially for firms with better operations, located in states with higher labor unionization, or facing higher competition in the product market. Overall, CEO personality is a valid predictor of CEOs' compensation.

We show an equivalence result in the standard representative agent New Keynesian model after demand, wage markup and correlated price markup and TFP shocks: assuming sticky prices and flexible wages yields identical allocations for GDP, consumption, labor, inflation and interest rates to the opposite case- flexible prices and sticky wages. This equivalence result arises if the price and wage Phillips curves' slopes are identical and generalizes to any pair of price and wage Phillips curve slopes such that their sum and product are identical. Nevertheless, the cyclical implications for profits and wages are substantially different. We discuss how the equivalence breaks when these factor-distributional implications matter for aggregate allocations, e.g. in New Keynesian models with heterogeneous agents, endogenous firm entry, and non-constant returns to scale in production. Lastly, we point to an econometric identification problem raised by our equivalence result and discuss possible solutions thereof.

This paper investigates the relationship between heterogeneity in sectoral price stickiness and the response of the economy to aggregate real shocks. We show that sectoral heterogeneity reduces inflation persistence for a constant average duration of price spells, and that inflation persistence can fall despite duration increases associated with increases in heterogeneity. We also find that sectoral heterogeneity reduces the persistence and volatility of interest rate and output gap for a constant price spells duration, while the qualitative impact on inflation volatility tends to be positive. A relevant policy implication is that neglecting price stickiness heterogeneity can impair the economic dynamics assessment.

We study the corporate-loan pricing decisions of a major, systemic bank during the Greek financial crisis. A unique aspect of our data set is that we observe both the actual interest rate and the “break-even rate” (BE rate) of each loan, as computed by the bank’s own loan-pricing department (in effect, the loan’s marginal cost). We document that low-BE-rate (safer) borrowers are charged significant markups, whereas high-BE-rate (riskier) borrowers are charged smaller and even negative markups. We rationalize this de facto cross-subsidization through the lens of a dynamic model featuring depressed collateral values, impaired capital-market access, and limit pricing.

Die deutsche Wirtschaft befindet sich weiterhin in der Krise. Der Beginn des Jahres 2025 ist geprägt von erheblichen innen- aber auch außenpolitischen Veränderungen. In Deutschland ist die wirtschaftspolitische Unsicherheit angesichts des Regierungswechsels hoch. Gleichzeitig belastet die protektionistische Handelspolitik der USA die deutsche Konjunktur. Zudem hat sich mit der neuen Regierung in den USA die Sicherheitslage in Europa verschlechtert. Vor diesem Hintergrund haben Bundestag und Bundesrat die Finanzverfassung Deutschlands grundlegend geändert und weitreichende öffentliche Verschuldungsspielräume geschaffen. 

Die wirtschaftliche Schwäche in Deutschland ist nicht nur konjunktureller, sondern auch struktureller Natur. So sehen sich deutsche Unternehmen einem verstärkten internationalen Wettbewerb vor allem aus China ausgesetzt. Zudem scheint ein Teil der Produktion in der energieintensiven Industrie dauerhaft weggefallen zu sein. Eine schwindende Erwerbsbevölkerung und hoher bürokratischer Aufwand sind weitere strukturelle Schwächen, unter denen die deutsche Wirtschaft leidet. 

Das Bruttoinlandsprodukt dürfte in diesem Jahr mit einem Anstieg um 0,1 % kaum mehr als stagnieren. Damit revidieren die Institute die Prognose vom Herbst 2024 recht deutlich um 0,7 Prozentpunkte nach unten. Insbesondere im Sommerhalbjahr 2025 wird inzwischen die Dynamik aufgrund der US-Zollpolitik schwächer eingeschätzt. Damit verzögert sich die erwartete Erholung. Im weiteren Prognosezeitraum dürfte eine voraussichtlich expansive Finanzpolitik die Konjunktur beleben. Im kommenden Jahr dürfte steigt das Bruttoinlandsprodukt um 1,3 %, wobei 0,3 Prozentpunkte der höheren Zahl an Arbeitstagen zu verdanken sind. Damit ist die Rate gegenüber der Herbstprognose unverändert, das Niveau der Wirtschaftsleistung ist aber 0,8 % niedriger.

Utilizing near real-time QuickBooks data from over 1.6 million small businesses and a targeted survey, this paper highlights the critical role credit card financing plays for small business activity. We examine a two year period beginning in January of 2021. A turbulent period during which, credit card usage by small U.S. businesses nearly doubled, interest payments rose by 60%, and delinquencies reached 2.8%. We find, first, monthly credit card payments were up to three times higher than loan payments during this time. Second, we use targeted surveys of these small businesses to establish credit cards as a key financing source in response to firm-level shocks, such as uncertain cash flows and overdue invoices. Third, we establish the importance of credit cards as an important financial transmission mechanism. Following the Federal Reserve’s rate hikes in early 2022, banks cut credit card supply, leading to a 15.75% drop in balances and a 10% decline in revenue growth, as well as a 1.5% decrease in employment growth among U.S. small businesses. These higher rates also rendered interest payments unsustainable for many, contributing to half of the observed increase in delinquencies. Lastly, a simple heterogeneous firm model with a cash-in-hand constraint illustrates the significant macroeconomic impact of credit card financing on small business activity.

We study whether and how EU banks comply with tighter macroprudential policy (MPP). Observing contractual details for more than one million securitized loans, we document an elusive risk-shifting response by EU banks in reaction to tighter loan-to-value (LTV) restrictions between 2009 and 2022. Our staggered difference-in-differences reveals that banks respond to these MPP measures at the portfolio level by issuing new loans after LTV shocks that are smaller, have shorter maturities, and show a higher collateral valuation while holding constant interest rates. Instead of contracting aggregate lending as intended by tighter MPP, banks increase the number and total volume of newly issued loans. Importantly, new loans finance especially properties in less liquid markets identified by a new European Real Estate Index (EREI), which we interpret as a novel, elusive form of risk-shifting.