Technology spillovers from external investors in East Germany: no overall effects in favor of domestic firms
Harald Lehmann, Jutta Günther
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 198,
2004
Abstract
The study deals with the question whether external (foreign and West German) investors in East Germany induce technological spillover effects in favor of domestic firms. It ties in with a number of other econometric spillover studies, especially for transition economies, which show rather mixed and inconclusive results so far. Different from existing spillover analyses, this study allows for a much deeper regional breakdown up to Raumordnungsregionen and uses a branch classification that explicitly considers intermediate and investment good linkages. The regression results show no positive correlation between the presence of external investors and domestic firms’ productivity, no matter which regional breakdown is looked at (East Germany as a whole, federal states, or Raumordnungsregionen). Technology spillovers which may exist in particular cases are obviously not strong enough to increase the domestic firms’ overall productivity.
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Human capital in transformation – The example of the new Länder
Ralf Müller
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 126,
2000
Abstract
The human capital of a nation is highly correlated to its productivity. Thus, differences in human capital may be seen as one factor determining the productivity gap between East and West Germany. However, a disadvantage of East Germany with regard to hu-man capital only shows up as long as it concerns skills that are built up on the job, i.e., by learning by doing; even more, this disadvantage has been decreasing in the 1990's. In contrast, as long as it concerns skills that have been acquired through formal education, East Germany has a high level of human capital in comparison to West Germany. In general, the problem of East Germany’s human capital proves to be rather demand-sided. It may be due to East Germany’s low skill-intensive industry structure.
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Stochastische Unternehmensmodelle als Kern innovativer Ratingsysteme
Ulrich Blum, Werner Gleißner, Frank Leibbrand
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 6,
2005
Abstract
In our paper, we analyze, based on a new rating methodology, 105 enterprises from Saxony with respect to their ability to meet their financial obligations. It is based on classical financial-statement approach, a direct inclusion of risk and a stochastic simulation model of enterprise development. The results show that the method used is superior to presently used approaches and that it extends our knowledge of enterprise development. On and above its Basel-II applicability, it is a tool to analyze individual development strategies of firms.
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How does Institutional Setting Affect the Impact of EU Structural Funds on Economic Cohesion? New Evidence from Central and Eastern Europe
Marina Grusevaja, Toralf Pusch
Journal of Common Market Studies,
2012
Abstract
Structural Funds are the main instrument of the EU Cohesion Policy. Their effective use is subject to an ongoing debate in political and scientific circles. European fiscal assistance under this heading should promote economic and social cohesion in the member states of the European Union. Recently the domestic institutional capacity to absorb, to distribute and to invest Structural Funds effectively has become a crucial determinant of the cohesion process and has attracted attention of the scientific community. The aim of this study is to shed light on the effectiveness of Structural Funds in the countries of the first Central and Eastern European enlargement round in 2004. Using regional data for these countries we have a look on the impact of several institutional governance variables on the effectiveness of Structural Funds. In the interpretation of results reference is made to regional economics. Results of the empirical analysis indicate an influence of certain institutional variables on the effectiveness of Structural Funds in the new member states.
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Stochastic Income Statement Planning as a Basis for Risk Assessment in the Context of Emissions Trading
Henry Dannenberg, Wilfried Ehrenfeld
Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management,
No. 1,
2011
Abstract
The introduction of the European emissions trading system means that those enterprises taking part have a new planning risk factor to consider – emissions allowance prices. In this article, we analyse how risk emerging from emissions trading can be considered in the stochastic income statement planning of corporations. Therefore, we explore which planned figures are affected by emissions trading. Moreover, we show an approach that models these positions in a planned profit and loss account, taking into account uncertainties and dependencies. Consequently, this model provides a basis for risk assessment and investment decisions in the uncertain environment of emissions trading.
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Privatisierung kommunaler Leistungen – Erfolgs- und Misserfolgsfaktoren für die Entstaatlichung kommunaler Leistungen
Peter Haug
Demographie als Herausforderung für den öffentlichen Sektor.,
2008
Abstract
In diesem Beitrag wurde versucht, Antworten auf die Frage zu finden, ob der u. a. infolge des demographischen Wandels gestiegene Kostendruck für die deutschen Kommunen durch die Privatisierung kommunaler Leistungsangebote gemildert werden kann. Als normativer Referenzrahmen wurde dabei die Theorie des Marktversagens und der Transaktionskostenansatz herangezogen. Eine Bewertung des aktuellen kommunalen Aufgabenspektrums zeigt, dass zwar in vielen Fällen Marktversagenstatbestände vorliegen, die staatliche Markteingriffe nötig machen. Allerdings erfordert dies nicht notwendigerweise, z. B. wegen des in der Praxis vielfach beobachteten „Staatsversagens“, auch eine kommunale Bereitstellung und Produktion. Bei vielen freiwilligen Selbstverwaltungsaufgaben erscheint daher eine weitgehende Privatisierung unter Effizienzgesichtspunkten zumindest unproblematisch. Für die Selbstverwaltungsaufgaben des übertragenen Wirkungskreises stellt sich dagegen – wegen der Unmöglichkeit der Übertragung der Aufgabenverantwortung an Private – derzeit vor allem die Frage nach Eigenproduktion oder Fremdbezug. Zentral für die Auslagerungsentscheidung ist dabei neben der Höhe der potentiellen Transaktionskosten eine hinreichende Wettbewerbsintensität auf den fraglichen Gütermärkten. Wettbewerbsintensität kann – bei entsprechender Teilbarkeit der Produktionsprozesse – durch Vergabe der Leistungen an mehrere Auftragnehmer gesichert werden, notfalls auf Kosten möglicher Größenvorteile. Die exemplarisch ausgewerteten Befunde nationaler und internationaler empirischer Untersuchungen zeigen tendenziell, dass vor allem in kommunalen Bereichen mit niedrigen Transaktionskosten (Müllabfuhr, Reinigungsleistungen) Effizienzgewinne durch Outsourcing möglich sind, sofern eine gewisse Wettbewerbsintensität auch nach der Auslagerung gewährleistet ist. Demgegenüber lassen sich z. B. für die Wasserwirtschaft (hohe Transaktionskosten, Unmöglichkeit eines Wettbewerbs „im Markt“) keine generellen Effizienzvorteile privater gegenüber öffentlichen Unternehmen belegen. Hier wird es vom jeweiligen Einzelfall abhängen, ob eine Privatisierung der Produktion zu Kostenentlastungen für die Kommune führt.
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From University Town to Knowledge City: Strategies and Regulatory Hurdles in Germany
Peter Franz
Knowledge-Based Urban Development: Planning and Applications in the Information Era,
2008
Abstract
The trend of cities, serving as a location for universities and research institutes, to take into consideration new strategies utilizing this location factor for growth-oriented urban development can also be observed in Germany. An overview of the quantitative preconditions shows that many German cities dispose of favorite preconditions for such a knowledge city strategy. An analysis of the policy arena comes to the result that the political actors are confronted with the task of a complex multi-level-policy where networking skills become essential. A comparison with the policy conditions in the U.S. makes it quite clear that especially the German universities have the status of semi-autonomous actors complicating negotiating and coordinating activities between city and science representatives. First examples of deregulation show that these hurdles can be overcome in the future.
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Industry Specialization, Diversity and the Efficiency of Regional Innovation Systems
Michael Fritsch, Viktor Slavtchev
Determinants of Innovative Behaviour,
2008
Abstract
Innovation processes are characterized by a pronounced division of labor between actors. Two types of externality may arise from such interactions. On the one hand, a close location of actors affiliated to the same industry may stimulate innovation (MAR externalities). On the other hand, new ideas may be born by the exchange of heterogeneous and complementary knowledge between actors, which belong to different industries (Jacobs’ externalities). We test the impact of both MAR as well as Jacobs’ externalities on innovative performance at the regional level. The results suggest an inverted u-shaped relationship between regional specialization in certain industries and innovative performance. Further key determinants of the regional innovative performance are private sector R&D and university-industry collaboration.
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Globalisierung und Beschäftigung – eine Untersuchung mit der Input-Output-Methode.
Udo Ludwig, Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch
IMK Studies Nr. 1/2008,
No. 1,
2008
Abstract
In the course of globalization imports play a more and more important role as inputs for national production. In the wake of this development, domestic products are substituted by imported goods and jobs are moved abroad. However, this enables domestic companies to become more competitive and to improve their position in national and international markets. Applying input-output techniques this paper shows that, although imports have risen considerably, the increase in domestic production induced by exports had an overall positive impact on the German economy. This holds not only for the trade balance of production sectors that are oriented to export activities, but for the trade balance as a whole. Overall, high export surpluses were accompanied by increases in value added. Furthermore, especially in the second half of the last decade employment benefited much; while the rising import of intermediate and finished goods has caused many job cuts, on balance the increase in employment in the wake of the strong export expansion has outdone the losses.
Even though many industrialized economies in Europe have made similar experiences, the impacts on job markets differed considerably. For example, while the strength of the increase in employment in the Netherlands was similarly to that in Germany, labour market improvements in France were much weaker, not least due to noticeably lower export surpluses.
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