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International Trade Barriers and Regional Employment: The Case of a No-Deal Brexit

Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch, Oliver Holtemöller
Journal of Economic Structures, No. 11, 2021
Abstract
We use the World Input–Output Database (WIOD) combined with regional sectoral employment data to estimate the potential regional employment effects of international trade barriers. We study the case of a no-deal Brexit in which imports to the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union (EU) would be subject to tariffs and non-tariff trade costs. First, we derive the decline in UK final goods imports from the EU from industry-specific international trade elasticities, tariffs and non-tariff trade costs. Using input–output analysis, we estimate the potential output and employment effects for 56 industries and 43 countries on the national level. The absolute effects would be largest in big EU countries which have close trade relationships with the UK, such as Germany and France. However, there would also be large countries outside the EU which would be heavily affected via global value chains, such as China, for example. The relative effects (in percent of total employment) would be largest in Ireland followed by Belgium. In a second step, we split up the national effects on the NUTS-2 level for EU member states and additionally on the county (NUTS-3) level for Germany. The share of affected workers varies between 0.03% and 3.4% among European NUTS-2 regions and between 0.15% and 0.4% among German counties. A general result is that indirect effects via global value chains, i.e., trade in intermediate inputs, are more important than direct effects via final demand.
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Auswirkungen des gesetzlichen Mindestlohns im Handwerk in Sachsen-Anhalt

Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch, Birgit Schultz
Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftspolitik, No. 2, 2018
Abstract
This paper examines the effects of the minimum wage introduction in Germany in 2015 on the skilled crafts sector in Saxony-Anhalt. Using novel survey data on the skilled crafts sector in Saxony-Anhalt, we examine three questions: (1) How many employees are affected by the minimum wage introduction in the skilled crafts sector in Saxony-Anhalt? (2) What are the effects of the minimum wage introduction? (3) How did firms react to wage increase? We find that about 8 % of all employees in the skilled crafts sector in Saxony-Anhalt are directly affected by the minimum wage introduction. A difference-in-difference estimation reveals no significant employment effects of the minimum wage introduction. We test for alternative adjustment strategies and observe a significant increase of output prices.
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Mapping Potentials for Input-Output Based Innovation Flows in Industrial Clusters – An Application to Germany

Matthias Brachert, Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch, Mirko Titze
Economic Systems Research, No. 4, 2016
Abstract
Our paper pursues two aims: first, it presents an approach based on input–output innovation flow matrices to study intersectoral innovation flows within industrial clusters. Second, we apply this approach to the identification of structural weaknesses in East Germany relative to the western part of the country. The case of East Germany forms an interesting subject because while its convergence process after unification began promisingly in the first half of the 1990s, convergence has since slowed down. The existing gap can now be traced mainly to structural weaknesses in the East German economy, such as the absence of strong industrial cluster structures. With this in mind, we investigate whether East Germany does in fact reveal the abovementioned structural weaknesses. Does East Germany possess fewer industrial clusters? Are they less connected? Does East Germany lack specific clusters that are also important for the non-clustered part of the economy?
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Can R&D Subsidies Counteract the Economic Crisis? – Macroeconomic Effects in Germany

Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch, Jutta Günther, Brigitte Loose, Udo Ludwig, Nicole Nulsch
Research Policy, No. 3, 2015
Abstract
During the economic crisis of 2008 and 2009, governments in Europe stabilized their economies by means of fiscal policy. After decades of absence, deficit spending was used to counteract the heavy decline in demand. In Germany, public spending went partially into R&D subsidies in favor of small and medium sized enterprises. Applying the standard open input–output model, the paper analyzes the macroeconomic effects of R&D subsidies on employment and production in the business cycle. Findings in the form of backward multipliers suggest that R&D subsidies have stimulated a substantial leverage effect. Almost two thirds of the costs of R&D projects are covered by the enterprises themselves. Overall, a subsidized R&D program results in a production, value added and employment effect that amounts to at least twice the initial financing. Overall, the R&D program counteracts the decline of GDP by 0.5% in the year 2009. In the year 2010 the effects are already procyclical since the German economy recovered quickly. Compared to the strongly discussed alternative uses of subsidies for private consumption, R&D spending is more effective.
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The Skills Balance in Germany’s Import Intensity of Exports: An Input-Output Analysis

Udo Ludwig, Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch
Intereconomics, No. 2, 2014
Abstract
In the decade prior to the economic and financial crisis, Germany’s net exports increased in absolute terms as well as relative to the growing level of import intensity of domestically produced export goods and services. This article analyses the direct and indirect employment effects induced both by exports as well as by of the import intensity of the production process of export goods and services on the skills used. It shows that Germany’s export surpluses led to positive net employment effects. Although the volume of imports of intermediate goods increased and was augmented by the rise in exports, it could not undermine the overall positive employment effect.
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Has the International Fragmentation of German Exports Passed its Peak?

Udo Ludwig, Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch
Intereconomics, No. 3, 2008
Abstract
In der zweiten Hälfte der 1990er Jahre hat sich der Importgehalt der deutschen Exporte deutlich erhöht. Im vorliegenden Artikel wird zunächst die Frage untersucht, ob sich dieser Trend fortgesetzt hat. Zum zweiten wird analysiert, ob es sich bei den Importen um Güter handelt, die als Vorleistungsinputs in die Produktion der Exporte eingehen oder ob diese unmittelbar für die Wiederausfuhr bestimmt sind. Schließlich wird die Frage nach der Singularität gestellt: Ist allein Deutschland unter den industriell entwickelten Ländern Westeuropas von dieser Entwicklung betroffen oder sind es auch andere Länder? Die Antworten werden mit dem Tabellenwerk und dem Standardmodell der offenen statischen Input-Output-Analyse begründet.
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Wie hoch ist die Unterbeschäftigung in Ost- und Westdeutschland? Arbeitsplatzausstattung und Arbeitsplatzlücke nach Geschlechtern in Ost- und Westdeutschland

Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch, Johann Fuchs, Cornelia Lang
Wirtschaftspolitische Blätter, No. 2, 2007
Abstract
Im vorliegenden Aufsatz werden Umfang und Struktur der vorhandenen Arbeitsplätze nach Geschlechtern in Ost- und Westdeutschland analysiert, das geschlechtsspezifische Ausmaß der Arbeitplatzlücke in beiden Großregionen bestimmt sowie die Ursachen für die - gemessen an Westdeutschland - höhere Arbeitsplatzlücke in Ostdeutschland untersucht. Die Analyse zeigt, dass die Arbeitsplatzausstattung in Ostdeutschland fast genau so hoch ist wie in West­deutschland; bei den Frauen liegt sie sogar darüber. Dennoch ist die Diskrepanz zwischen dem Arbeitsangebot und der Nachfrage bei den ostdeutschen Frauen und Männern erheblich größer. Dies ist zum einen auf strukturelle Ursachen zurück zu führen, namentlich auf die “nachholende“ Tertiarisierung und den Verlust von männertypischen Arbeitsplätzen im Pro­duzierenden Gewerbe. Zum anderen führt die höhere Erwerbsneigung der Frauen zu einer deutlich größeren Arbeitsplatzlücke bei den ostdeutschen Frauen. Da diese Ursachen sich als persistent erwiesen haben, ist auch mittelfristig mit einem höheren Mangel an Arbeit in Ost­deutschland zu rechnen.
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Die Entwicklung der Unternehmensinvestitionen in Deutschland. Eine Erklärung mit Hilfe der Technik der saisonalen Kointegration

Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch, Christian Dreger
Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, 1999
Abstract
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