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International Trade Barriers and Regional Employment: The Case of a No-Deal Brexit

Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch, Oliver Holtemöller
Journal of Economic Structures, No. 11, 2021
Abstract
We use the World Input–Output Database (WIOD) combined with regional sectoral employment data to estimate the potential regional employment effects of international trade barriers. We study the case of a no-deal Brexit in which imports to the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union (EU) would be subject to tariffs and non-tariff trade costs. First, we derive the decline in UK final goods imports from the EU from industry-specific international trade elasticities, tariffs and non-tariff trade costs. Using input–output analysis, we estimate the potential output and employment effects for 56 industries and 43 countries on the national level. The absolute effects would be largest in big EU countries which have close trade relationships with the UK, such as Germany and France. However, there would also be large countries outside the EU which would be heavily affected via global value chains, such as China, for example. The relative effects (in percent of total employment) would be largest in Ireland followed by Belgium. In a second step, we split up the national effects on the NUTS-2 level for EU member states and additionally on the county (NUTS-3) level for Germany. The share of affected workers varies between 0.03% and 3.4% among European NUTS-2 regions and between 0.15% and 0.4% among German counties. A general result is that indirect effects via global value chains, i.e., trade in intermediate inputs, are more important than direct effects via final demand.
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Unternehmensinsolvenzen seit Ausbruch der Pandemie

Steffen Müller
Wirtschaft im Wandel, No. 2, 2021
Abstract
Die Insolvenzzahlen sind trotz Corona-Krise stark gesunken. Aufgrund zahlreicher Großinsolvenzen wie etwa von Esprit, Hallhuber oder Wirecard war das Jahr 2020 bezogen auf die Zahl der betroffenen Beschäftigten trotzdem ein schwieriges Jahr. Eine Insolvenzwelle mit vielen gefährdeten Jobs ab Sommer 2021 ist aufgrund staatlicher Unterstützungsmaßnahmen und abwartendem Verhalten der Unternehmen eher unwahrscheinlich. Soweit es die Pandemielage zulässt, sollten Stützungsmaßnahmen bereits im Jahr 2021 auf den Prüfstand, um eine „Zombifizierung“ der Wirtschaft zu verhindern.
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Projektion der Ausgaben für die Beamtenversorgung in Deutschland bis zum Jahr 2080

Oliver Holtemöller, Götz Zeddies
Wirtschaft im Wandel, No. 2, 2021
Abstract
Seit einigen Jahren steigt die Zahl der Pensionäre in Deutschland. Der demographische Wandel dürfte die Versorgungsausgaben von Bund, Ländern und Gemeinden in den kommenden Jahren und Jahrzehnten deutlich zunehmen lassen. In diesem Beitrag wird die Zahl der Versorgungsempfänger bis zum Jahr 2080 vorausgeschätzt und die Versorgungsausgaben werden projiziert. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich ein teilweise deutlicher Anstieg der Versorgungsausgaben der Gebietskörperschaften. Im Verhältnis zum erwarteten Zuwachs des Steueraufkommens fällt dieser jedoch beim Bund vergleichsweise moderat und auch bei Ländern und Gemeinden nicht übermäßig hoch aus. Dies geht unter anderem auf die Annahme zurück, dass der Anteil der Beamten an der Gesamtbevölkerung in Zukunft konstant bleibt. Dagegen steht die gesetzliche Rentenversicherung größeren finanziellen Herausforderungen gegenüber, weil der Anteil der Rentenempfänger an der Gesamtbevölkerung in den kommenden Jahren zunehmen wird.
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Aktuelle Trends: Auf dem Weg zur europäischen Bankenunion: Verzögerte Umsetzung der Abwicklungsrichtlinie

Michael Koetter, Thomas Krause, Eleonora Sfrappini, Lena Tonzer
Wirtschaft im Wandel, No. 2, 2021
Abstract

In Reaktion auf die Erfahrungen aus der letzten Finanzmarktkrise veröffentlichte die Europäische Kommission im Mai 2014 die Richtlinie zur Sanierung und Abwicklung von Kreditinstituten (Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive, BRRD). Die Richtlinie legt Regeln zur Abwicklung und Restrukturierung von Banken einschließlich eines Bail-in-Mechanismus fest, der das Verlustrisiko beim Scheitern einer Bank vorrangig deren Anteilseignern und Gläubigern aufbürdet.

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Cultural Resilience, Religion, and Economic Recovery: Evidence from the 2005 Hurricane Season

Iftekhar Hasan, Stefano Manfredonia, Felix Noth
IWH Discussion Papers, No. 9, 2021
published in: Economic Journal
Abstract
This paper investigates the critical role of religion in the economic recovery after high-impact natural disasters. Exploiting the 2005 hurricane season in the southeast United States, we document that establishments in counties with higher religious adherence rates saw a significantly stronger recovery in terms of productivity for 2005-2010. Our results further suggest that a particular religious denomination does not drive the effect. We observe that different aspects of religion, such as adherence, shared experiences from ancestors, and institutionalised features, all drive the effect on recovery. Our results matter since they underline the importance of cultural characteristics like religion during and after economic crises.
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Alone at Home: The Impact of Social Distancing on Norm-consistent Behavior

Sabrina Jeworrek, Joschka Waibel
IWH Discussion Papers, No. 8, 2021
Abstract
Around the globe, the COVID-19 pandemic has turned daily live upside down since social distancing is probably the most effective means of containing the virus until herd immunity is reached. Social norms have been shown to be an important determinant of social distancing behaviors. By conducting two experiments and using the priming method to manipulate social isolation recollections, we study whether social distancing has in turn affected norms of prosociality and norm compliance. The normative expectations of what behaviors others would approve or disapprove in our experimental setting did not change. Looking at actual behavior, however, we find that persistent social distancing indeed caused a decline in prosociality – even after the relaxation of social distancing rules and in times of optimism. At the same time, our results contain some good news since subjects seem still to care for norms and become more prosocial once again after we draw their attention to the empirical norm of how others have previously behaved in a similar situation.
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The Nexus between Loan Portfolio Size and Volatility: Does Bank Capital Regulation Matter?

Franziska Bremus, Melina Ludolph
Journal of Banking and Finance, June 2021
Abstract
This paper analyzes the effects of bank capital regulation on the link between bank size and volatility. Using bank-level data for 27 advanced economies over the 2000–2014 period, we estimate a power law that relates the volume of a bank’s loan portfolio to the volatility of loan growth. Our analysis reveals, first, that more stringent capital regulation weakens the size-volatility nexus. Hence, in countries with more stringent capital regulation, large banks show, ceteris paribus, lower loan portfolio volatility. Second, the effect of tighter capital requirements on the size-volatility nexus becomes stronger for the upper tail of the bank size distribution. This is in line with capitalization decreasing with bank size, such that larger banks tend to be more affected by increasing capital requirements. Third, in countries with higher sectoral capital buffers, the size-volatility nexus is weaker.
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Political Cycles in Bank Lending to the Government

Michael Koetter, Alexander Popov
Review of Financial Studies, No. 6, 2021
Abstract
We study how political party turnover after German state elections affects banks’ lending to the regional government. We find that between 1992 and 2018, party turnover at the state level leads to a sharp and substantial increase in lending by local savings banks to their home-state government. This effect is accompanied by an equivalent reduction in private lending. A statistical association between political party turnover and government lending is absent for comparable cooperative banks that exhibit a similar regional organization and business model. Our results suggest that political frictions may interfere with government-owned banks’ local development objectives.
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Gemeinschaftsdiagnose: Pandemic Delays Upswing — Demography Slows Growth

Oliver Holtemöller, Stefan Kooths, Claus Michelsen, Torsten Schmidt, Timo Wollmershäuser
Wirtschaftsdienst, May 2021
Abstract
Das erste Jahr der Corona-Pandemie stand in Deutschland im Zeichen extremer Schwankungen der ökonomischen Aktivität und einer massiv gelähmten Binnenwirtschaft. In ihrem Frühjahrsgutachten gehen die Institute davon aus, dass der derzeitige Shutdown zunächst fortgesetzt und ab Mitte Mai bis zum Ende des dritten Quartals nach und nach aufgehoben wird. Im Zuge der Lockerungen wird sich vor allem der private Konsum kräftig erholen. Insgesamt dürfte das Bruttoinlandsprodukt in diesem Jahr um 3,7 % und im kommenden Jahr um 3,9 % zulegen.
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“The Good News about Bad News”: Information about Past Organizational Failure and Its Impact on Worker Productivity

Sabrina Jeworrek, Vanessa Mertins, Michael Vlassopoulos
Leadership Quarterly, No. 3, 2021
Abstract
Failure in organizations is very common. Little is known about whether leaders should provide information about past organizational failure to followers and how this might affect their future performance. We conducted a field experiment in which we recruited temporary workers to carry out a phone campaign to attract new volunteers and randomly assigned them to either receive or not to receive information about a failed mail campaign pursuing the same goal. We find that informed workers performed better, regardless of whether they had previously worked on the failed mail campaign or not. Evidence from a second field experiment with students asked to support voluntarily a campaign for reducing food waste corroborates the finding. We explore the role of leadership tactics behind our findings in a third online survey experiment. We conclude that information about past failure is unlikely to have a negative impact on work performance, and might even lead to performance improvement. Implications for future research on the relevance of leadership tactics when giving such information are discussed.
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