Wirtschaftspolitische Beratung im Zeichen der Transformation: das Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung Halle
Ulrich Blum, Martin T. W. Rosenfeld
Zeitschrift für Politikberatung,
2008
Abstract
The paper analyzes the role of scientific policy advice in modern democratic societies in general and the role of the Halle Institute for Economic Research as one of the major German economic research institutes in particular. It shows that public funded institutions must be politically independent in order to turn theory and evidence based knowledge into political advice. Typical communication channels are contract research and public hearings as well as publications in economic policy journals, a frequent presence in other print media, radio, television and internet.
The Halle Institute for Economic Research focuses on macroeconomic analyses and forecasting. In addition it scrutinizes structural change and transformation processes from a regional, innovation system, competition and urban perspective.
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Business Cycle Forecast, Summer 2008: Price Hikes and Financial Crisis Cloud Growth Prospects
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 7,
2008
Abstract
In the summer of 2008 the turmoil on financial markets and that on the markets for energy dim the prospects for the world economy. The acceleration of the oil price hike during the first half of the year has led to an increase in expected inflation and to higher interest rates on capital markets, while stock prices are going down. At the same time, the financial crisis is far from over, and banks in the US and in Western Europe continue in their efforts to consolidate their balance sheets. Thus, the expansion of credit supply will be scarcer in the next quarters. All this means that demand will slow in the developed economies during the next quarters. However, the massive fiscal stimulus will help the US economy to stabilize, and the world economy still benefits from the high growth dynamics in the emerging markets economies. All in all, the developed economies will not reach their potential growth rate before the second half of 2009. In Germany, the upswing comes to a temporary halt during summer of this year. Slowing foreign demand and the oil price hike induce firms to postpone investments, and private consumption, the soft spot of the upswing in Germany, is still sluggish due to high inflation rates that impair purchasing power. For the end of 2008, chances are good that growth in Germany accelerates again, because German exporters are still penetrating emerging markets as competitiveness does not diminish. All in all, the German economy will grow by 2.3% in 2008 (mainly due to the very high dynamics at the beginning of the year) and by 1.3% in 2009. A main risk of this forecast is that monetary policy fails in easing the high inflationary pressures. As to fiscal policy, efforts to reach sustainable public finances should not weaken.
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Forecasting the CO2 certificate price risk
Henry Dannenberg, Wilfried Ehrenfeld
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 5,
2008
Abstract
Modeling the price risk of CO2 certificates is one important aspect of integral corporate risk management related to emissions trading. The paper presents a risk model which may be the basis for evaluating the risk of emission certificate prices. We assume that the certificate price is determined by the expected marginal CO2 abatement costs prevailing at the current trade period and stochastically fluctuates around the respective level as returned from the mean reversion process. Due to uncertainties about future environmental states we suppose that within one trade period, erratic changes in the expected marginal abatement costs may occur leading to shifts in the price level. The aim of the work is to model the erratic changes of the expected reversion level and to estimate the parameters of the mean reversion process.
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Consequences of the US-subprime Crisis Dampen Economic Growth in Germany
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
1. Sonderausgabe
2008
Abstract
The crises of the housing and the financial sector in the US and the turmoil on worldwide financial markets have clouded the prospects of the world economy for this and next year. In particular, conditions for financing consumption and investment will worsen. In addition, the price hikes for energy and food entail a redistribution of purchasing power from ordinary households to the producers of these goods. As a consequence of all this, the economy in the US will be more or less stagnating this year, and world growth will slow down. Firms in the nonfinancial sector, however, are generally in good financial condition, policy in the US takes strong measures to contain the crisis, and growth dynamics in emerging markets economies appear to be robust enough to withstand the dampening effects. In Germany, the economy is, in spite of the adverse effects from abroad and in particular the strong appreciation of the euro, still in good shape. Apparently, the economy has become more robust in the past years, partly due to increased competitiveness of German producers. Still, economic expansion will slow down, with annual growth rates of 1.8% for this year and 1.4% for 2009.
For the first time the forecast of the institutes comprises a medium term projection. For this, the potential growth rate of the German Economy is estimated to be 1.6%. As to policy recommendations, the institutes advise against the establishment of minimum wages in Germany, because they fear adverse effects for employment. In this point the IWH and its partners take a different view.
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Business cycle forecast 2008: German upswing takes a break
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 1,
2008
Abstract
Economic growth in the industrial countries will be much more muted in 2008 than in the past year. One cause is the prolonged oil price hike during 2007. The second and more important cause is the intensification of tensions on world financial markets. Due to problems in the financial sector, credit expansion will slow next year in the euro area as well as in the US. This will dampen demand in the real economy. A significant downswing in the industrial countries, however, is not the most likely scenario: in the US, expansive economic policy and a weak dollar that gives production in the US a competitive edge will prevent the economy from sliding into recession. In the euro area, high profitability of firms and structural improvements in the working of labour markets will help the economy cope with the stronger euro and with higher costs of external financing due to the turmoil in the financial sector. In Germany, the upswing has still not reached the demand of private households. The main reason is that real wages were stagnating in 2007 and will not rise by much in 2008, since inflation has accelerated considerably at the end of last year. In addition, weaker dynamics of external demand will dampen export growth. This and the end of tax incentives for investment at the end of 2007 will dampen investment activity. All in all, the economy will slow down in the first half of 2008. However, chances are good that the upswing will only have taken a break: when the dampening external shocks have ceased, the driving powers of the upswing will prevail; dynamic employment growth is a reflection of the strong confidence of firms. A major risk for employment and for the German economy in general is, however, the possibility that the policy concerning the labour markets changes course; bad omens are the recent the introduction of minimum wages for postal services and the announced extension of unemployment benefits for persons older than 50.
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Three methods of forecasting currency crises: Which made the run in signaling the South African currency crisis of June 2006?
Tobias Knedlik, Rolf Scheufele
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 17,
2007
Abstract
In this paper we test the ability of three of the most popular methods to forecast the South African currency crisis of June 2006. In particular we are interested in the out-ofsample performance of these methods. Thus, we choose the latest crisis to conduct an out-of-sample experiment. In sum, the signals approach was not able to forecast the outof- sample crisis of correctly; the probit approach was able to predict the crisis but just with models, that were based on raw data. Employing a Markov-regime-switching approach also allows to predict the out-of-sample crisis. The answer to the question of which method made the run in forecasting the June 2006 currency crisis is: the Markovswitching approach, since it called most of the pre-crisis periods correctly. However, the “victory” is not straightforward. In-sample, the probit models perform remarkably well and it is also able to detect, at least to some extent, out-of-sample currency crises before their occurrence. It can, therefore, not be recommended to focus on one approach only when evaluating the risk for currency crises.
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Ageing in East Germany: Remarkable reduction of entrepreneurship
Lutz Schneider, Stefan Eichler
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 4,
2007
Abstract
Population shrinking and ageing are obvious trends in many German regions, but in the Eastern states they reach an unique level. An often ignored economic implication of these demographic deve-lopments is the reduction of the entrepreneurial potential. Shirking, on the one hand, diminishes the quantity of potential entrepreneurs, on the other hand these effects are strengthened by ageing trends, since people usually decide in younger years to found an enterprise. The analysis tries to quantify the impact of demographic change on entrepreneurship activities in east Germany until 2020. At the first stage on the basis of the Mikrozensus survey age specific shares of new entrepreneurs are calculated. In order to obtain a status-quo-forecast of new entrepreneurs at the second stage these quotas are combined with the population projections for the East Germany. As expected the propensity to set up a new business is highest for persons at the age form 25 to 39 years. Due to the strong reduction of this age group the number of new firm foundations will fall by approximately 25% until 2020.Whereas the decline in Berlin will be relatively small (14%), Brandenburg has to bear an alarming reduction of 32%.In contrast the West German states show only a reduction of 6% during the same period, which emphasizes the extraordinary dimension of demographic change in East Germany.
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Business Cycle latest: Spring 2006
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2006
Abstract
Im Frühjahr 2006 setzt sich der weltwirtschaftliche Aufschwung fort. In den USA hat die Produktion nach den Störungen durch die Hurrikane im vergangenen Spätsommer offensichtlich wieder Tritt gefaßt, und in Japan ist die Dynamik von Exporten und Investitionen weiterhin hoch. An den europäischen Börsen spiegeln die starken Kursgewinne vom Winter die nochmals verbesserten Ertragsaussichten vieler Unternehmen wider. Auch in den meisten Schwellenländern war die konjunkturelle Dynamik hoch. Damit steht der weltweite Aufschwung gegenwärtig auf einer breiten Basis. Trotz der weltweiten Rücknahme des geldpolitischen Expansionsgrades sind die niedrigen langfristigen Zinsen nominal und real überall nur wenig gestiegen, und die Finanzierungsmöglichkeiten für Investitionen sind weiterhin günstig. Freilich signalisiert der besonders starke Rückgang des Abstandes zwischen lang- und kurzfristigen Zinsen im Fall der USA auch aufkeimenden Konjunkturpessimismus. Dort wird die Rückkehr zu einer konjunkturneutralen Geldpolitik den Immobilienboom im Lauf des Jahres beenden. Die Europäische Zentralbank hat zwar jüngst den Leitzins ebenfalls erhöht, die Bedingungen im Euroraum für Exporte und Investitionen sind jedoch weiterhin günstig und sorgen für eine kräftige Belebung. Die privaten Haushalte werden ihr vorsichtiges Ausgabeverhalten aber vorerst nicht aufgeben; und so wird auch in diesem und im nächsten Jahr der Euroraum die konjunkturelle Dynamik anderer Weltregionen nicht erreichen. In Deutschland verlor der noch in der Anfangsphase befindliche Aufschwung bereits Ende 2005 wieder an Kraft. Die Impulse von der Außenwirtschaft kehrten sich infolge kräftiger Importe in ihr Gegenteil um, und die Basis der Inlandskonjunktur – einzig die Investitionstätigkeit – war zu schmal, um die Schwäche auszugleichen. Auf das ganze Jahr bezogen, änderte sich die kon junkturelle Beschleunigung jedoch nicht; sie lag saison- und arbeitstäglich bereinigt bei 1,1%. Lediglich die unterschiedliche Zahl an Arbeitstagen führte zu deutlich abweichenden Jahresergebnissen: 1,6% für 2004 und 0,9% für 2005. Die deutsche Wirtschaft kam in den vergangenen Jahren vor allem deshalb nicht in Schwung, weil die Übertragung der konjunkturellen Impulse gestört war. Diese Schwäche wird nun überwunden, und der Konsum der privaten Haushalte wird an Fahrt aufnehmen – wenn auch nur vorübergehend. Im Jahr 2006 steht der Aufschwung damit auf einem breiten Fundament. Die Impulse von der Weltwirtschaft werden die exportorientierte deutsche Wirtschaft weiter anregen, und die Investitionstätigkeit wird sich auch deshalb nochmals verstärken. Zumal hat sich die Eigenkapitalbasis der Unternehmen verbessert, und die Finanzierungsbedingungen an den Kapitalmärkten sind nach wie vor günstig. Bleiben Schocks von der Weltwirtschaft aus, dürfte sich der Produktionsanstieg, wie vom IWH bereits Ende 2005 erwartet, in diesem Jahr deutlich auf 1,7% erhöhen. Das entspricht einer konjunkturellen Beschleunigung von 1,1% auf 1,9%.
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German economy 2006/07: Janus-faced boom
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 1,
2006
Abstract
Deutschland hat nach mehreren Anläufen inzwischen seinen Weg zum zyklischen Aufschwung gefunden. Er führt – wie seit längerem vorhergesagt – vom Export über die Anregung der Investitionsaktivitäten zur Beschleunigung des gesamtwirtschaftlichen Produktionsanstiegs. Der Konsum der privaten Haushalte bleibt hingegen wegen der ungenügenden Beschäftigungseffekte zurück. Im Jahr 2006 wird er nun ein wenig Schwung erhalten – allerdings mit Schützenhilfe. Die Finanzpolitik ist zwar restriktiv ausgerichtet. Die für den 1. Januar 2007 angekündigte Mehrwertsteuererhöhung wird die privaten Haushalte jedoch zu vorgezogenen Käufen veranlassen und das gesamtwirtschaftliche Wachstum im Jahr 2006 beflügeln. Da diese Ausgaben 2007 fehlen werden, folgt eine Delle nicht nur im Konsum, sondern auch in der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Aktivität. Hier offenbart sich das Janusgesicht der staatlichen Eingriffe. Auf die politikinduzierte Stärkung des konjunkturellen Aufschwungs im Jahr 2006 wird eine Tempoverlangsamung folgen. Die Inlandsnachfrage bricht ein. Solange jedoch der Aufschwung in der Weltwirtschaft kräftig bleibt, ist die Gefahr einer rezessiven Entwicklung in Deutschland gering. Außerdem werden die Investitionen in Deutschland durch die zeitlich begrenzte Verbesserung der steuerlichen Abschreibungsbedingungen gestützt.
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German Economy Caught Between Hope and Fear
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 9,
2005
Abstract
Der Sommer 2005 wartete mit einigen Überraschungen für die Konjunktur auf. Der Ölpreis hielt sich hartnäckig über 60 US-Dollar je Barrel und überschritt nach den Verwüstungen im Süden der USA durch den Hurrikan Katrina in der Spitze erstmalig die 70-Dollar-Marke. In zwei großen Volkswirtschaften, Japan und Deutschland, wurden die Parlamentswahlen wegen des Vertrauensverlusts in die Regierungen vorgezogen. Die Ungewißheit über den Fortgang der wirtschaftlichen Expansion in der Welt ist gestiegen.
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