Direct and Indirect Effects of Economic Sanctions between the EU and Russia on Output and Employment in the German Economy
Jutta Günther, Maria Kristalova, Udo Ludwig
Russland-Analysen,
No. 325,
2016
Abstract
Followed by the escalation of the Ukraine conflict in 2014, the European Union and Russia introduced bilateral economic sanctions which accelerated an already existing decline of the German exports to Russia. The article focuses on the effects of the losses in exports to Russia on production and employment in Germany. The analysis makes use of an input-output approach capturing direct as well as indirect effects throughout the supply chain. The results calculated on the base of the actual Input-Output Table for Germany exhibit a cumulated loss in GDP of 0.15% due to sanctions in the years 2014 to 2016. Especially export-oriented German sectors with strong backward linkages, such as motor vehicles and machinery, are affected.
Read article
IWH-Industrieumfrage im zweiten Quartal 2014: Anhaltender Optimismus
Cornelia Lang
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 4,
2014
Abstract
Die ostdeutsche Industrie erwartet für die nächsten Monate gute Geschäfte. Das zeigen die Ergebnisse der IWH-Industrieumfrage unter rund 300 Unternehmen. Das Verarbeitende Gewerbe in Ostdeutschland gibt sich derzeit unbeeindruckt von den politischen Krisen in der Ukraine und im Nahen Osten. Die Geschäftslage hat sich nach dem starken Aufwärtsschub im ersten Quartal auf ihrem hohen Niveau gehalten. Sie wird lediglich um einen Saldenpunkt schwächer eingeschätzt. Der Saldo aus positiven und negativen Urteilen über die Geschäftsaussichten hat sich zum vierten Mal in Folge erhöht.
Read article
11.07.2014 • 20/2014
IWH-Industrieumfrage im zweiten Quartal 2014: Anhaltender Optimismus
Die ostdeutsche Industrie erwartet für die nächsten Monate gute Geschäfte. Das zeigen die Ergebnisse der IWH-Industrieumfrage unter rund 300 Unternehmen. Das Verarbeitende Gewerbe in Ostdeutschland gibt sich derzeit unbeeindruckt von den politischen Krisen in der Ukraine und im Nahen Osten. Die Geschäftslage hat sich nach dem starken Aufwärtsschub im ersten Quartal auf ihrem hohen Niveau gehalten. Sie wird lediglich um einen Saldenpunkt schwächer eingeschätzt. Der Saldo aus positiven und negativen Urteilen über die Geschäftsaussichten hat sich zum vierten Mal in Folge erhöht.
Crisis Contagion in Central and Eastern Europe
Hubert Gabrisch
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2008
Abstract
The global financial crisis reached the Central and Eastern European region. Fears of a recession are spreading among investors in Russia and the Ukraine due to the heavy decline of oil and steel prices and provoked a first wave of short-term capital withdrawals. The export sector of all countries in the region is affected by weakening global demand. Finally, the financial sector, which is dominated by international banks in almost all countries, appears as the contagion channel for risk adjustments of mother banks. The combined impact of all these causes and channels lead to a proliferation of restrictions in credit and money supply and an outflow of investment capital. A strong weakening of economic growth is on the way in the region, and a long-lasting recession seems possible in some countries, in first line in the Baltic countries. It becomes a superior task of governments to ease the length and depth of the approaching recession by a strong fiscal stimulus. A continuation of the present policy of fiscal consolidation or of nominal convergence toward a quick adoption of the Euro does not seem very advisable. If governments decided to support domestic demand, measures should be taken to strengthening of a genuinely domestic banking sector in order to maintain credit availability.
Read article
Progressivity and flexibility in developing an effective competition regime: using experiences of Poland, Ukraine and South Africa for developing countries. Forschungsbericht innerhalb des EU-Projektes: Competition Policy Foundations for Trade Reform, Regulatory Reform, and Sustainable Development, 2005
Franz Kronthaler, Johannes Stephan
One-off Publications,
No. 5,
2005
Abstract
The paper discusses the role of the concept of special and differential treatment in the framework of regional trade agreements for the development of a competition regime. After a discussion of the main characteristics and possible shortfalls of those concepts, three case countries are assessed in terms of their experience with progressivity, flexibility, and technical and financial assistance: Poland was led to align its competition laws to match the model of the EU. The Ukraine opted voluntarily for the European model, this despite its intense integration mainly with Russia. South Africa, a developing country that emerged from a highly segregated social fabric and an economy dominated by large conglomerates with concentrated ownership. All three countries enacted (or comprehensively reformed) their competition laws in an attempt to face the challenges of economic integration and catch up development on the one hand and particular social problems on the other. Hence, their experience may be pivotal for a variety of different developing countries who are in negotiations to include competition issues in regional trade agreements. The results suggest that the design of such competition issues have to reflect country-particularities to achieve an efficient competition regime.
Read article
Progressivity and Flexibility in Developing an Effective Competition Regime: Using Experiences of Poland, Ukraine, and South Africa for developing countries
Franz Kronthaler, Johannes Stephan
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 6,
2006
Abstract
The paper discusses the role of the concept of special and differential treatment in the framework of regional trade agreements for the development of a competition regime. After a discussion of the main characteristics and possible shortfalls of those concepts, three case countries are assessed in terms of their experience with progressivity, flexibility, and technical and financial assistance: Poland was led to align its competition laws to match the model of the EU. The Ukraine opted voluntarily for the European model, this despite its intense integration mainly with Russia. South Africa, a developing country that emerged from a highly segregated social fabric and an economy dominated by large conglomerates with concentrated ownership. All three countries enacted (or comprehensively reformed) their competition laws in an attempt to face the challenges of economic integration and catch up development on the one hand and particular social problems on the other. Hence, their experience may be pivotal for a variety of different developing countries who are in negotiations to include competition issues in regional trade agreements. The results suggest that the design of such competition issues have to reflect country-particularities to achieve an efficient competition regime.
Read article
Editorial
Hubert Gabrisch
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 4,
2005
Abstract
Man fragt sich, ob sich die Verantwortlichen in der EU allen Konsequenzen ihres Tuns bewusst sind. Sie wollen doch tatsächlich fortfahren, Erweiterung und Vertiefung gleichzeitig zu managen, obwohl sich die Anzeichen für ein Scheitern mehren. So hat der Wim-Kok-Bericht vom November letzten Jahre deutlich gemacht, dass die Lissabon-Ziele mit dieser Kombination nicht erreicht werden können. Bekanntlich hatte der Europäische Rat auf seinem Gipfeltreffen in Lissabon im März 2000 beschlossen, die Union bis zum Jahre 2010 zur wettbewerbsstärksten Wirtschaftsregion in der Welt zu machen. Bereits die alte EU-15 hat die meisten Zwischenziele verfehlt. Noch weiter entrücken die Ziele, wenn die EU-25 berücksichtigt wird. Nun hat das Parlament endgültig für die Aufnahme Bulgariens und Rumäniens in die Union 2007 votiert. Dem Westbalkan und Serbien/Montenegro werden eine Beitrittsoption bis 2014 offeriert. Da stehen die Beitrittsverhandlungen mit der Türkei an, und der Beitrittsantrag der Ukraine ist so sicher wie das Amen in der Kirche.
Read article
Investment, Financial Markets, New Economy Dynamics and Growth in Transition Countries
Albrecht Kauffmann, P. J. J. Welfens
Economic Opening Up and Growth in Russia: Finance, Trade, Market Institutions, and Energy,
2004
Abstract
The transition to a market economy in the former CMEA area is more than a decade old and one can clearly distinguish a group of relatively fast growing countries — including Estonia, Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovenia — and a majority of slowly growing economies, including Russia and the Ukraine. Initial problems of transition were natural in the sense that systemic transition to a market economy has effectively destroyed part of the existing capital stock that was no longer profitable under the new relative prices imported from world markets; and there was a transitory inflationary push as low state-administered prices were replaced by higher market equilibrium prices. Indeed, systemic transformation in eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union have brought serious transitory inflation problems and a massive transition recession; negative growth rates have continued over many years in some countries, including Russia and the Ukraine, where output growth was negative throughout the 1990s (except for Russia, which recorded slight growth in 1997). For political and economic reasons the economic performance of Russia is of particular relevance for the success of the overall transition process. If Russia would face stagnation and instability, this would undermine political and economic stability in the whole of Europe and prospects for integrating Russia into the world economy.
Read article
Causes of the retarded integration of EU and CIS-countries
Bogdan Gorokhovskij
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2002
Abstract
Die wirtschaftliche Integration zwischen der EU und den drei GUS-Ländern Russland, Ukraine und Belarus (GUS-3) befindet sich auf einem vergleichsweise niedrigen Entwicklungsstand. Verantwortlich dafür ist ein nur enger handelspolitischer Rahmen der Liberalisierung in Form von Partnerschafts- und Kooperationsabkommen. Dieser Rahmen wurde zudem von den drei Ländern nicht ausreichend umgesetzt. Gründe dafür waren erstens die noch unzureichende institutionelle Transformation in den Ländern, zweitens der geringe Anreiz, den diese Abkommen für die Länder bieten, und drittens die mangelnde Einbettung in längerfristige strategische Ziele. Eine Intensivierung der Wirtschaftsbeziehungen mit den GUS-Ländern ist aber erforderlich, wenn die erweiterte Union ihrem Ziel, das Wohlstandsgefälle zwischen ihr und der GUS zu verringern, näherkommen möchte. Die erste Voraussetzung dazu ist die Fortführung der institutionellen und marktwirtschaftlichen Transformation in den GUS-Ländern. Aber auch unter diesen günstigeren Bedingungen würden sich die Partnerschafts- und Kooperationsabkommen als wenig effektiv erweisen. Angesichts der bereits erreichten Reformfortschritte in Russland und der Ukraine wäre zu überlegen, die bisherigen Abkommen durch einen umfassenden Zollabbau zu ergänzen.
Read article