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11.03.2021 • 8/2021
New wave of infections suspends economic recovery
The lockdown is being eased only slightly in Germany in March 2021, and gross domestic product (GDP) declines significantly in the first quarter of 2021. As vaccination campaigns progress and restrictions are gradually eased, a normalisation of household consumption patterns will likely boost the economy later during the year. The Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH) forecasts that GDP will increase by 3.7% in 2021, following a decline of 4.9% in 2020. In East Germany, both the contraction and the rebound are much less pronounced.
Oliver Holtemöller
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16.12.2020 • 26/2020
New wave of infections delays economic recovery in Germany
The lockdown is causing production in Germany to decline at the end of the year. When restrictions will be relaxed again, the recovery is likely to pick up pace only slowly, partly because the temporary reduction in value-added taxes is expiring. In spring, milder temperatures and an increasing portion of the population being vaccinated are likely to support the German economy to expand more strongly. The Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH) forecasts that gross domestic product will increase by 4.4% in 2021, following a 5% decline in 2020. In East Germany, both the decline and the recovery will be significantly less pronounced.
Oliver Holtemöller
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Aktuelle Trends: Spiegelt sich die Mehrwertsteuersenkung in den Verbraucherpreisen wider?
Birgit Schultz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2020
Abstract
Die Bundesregierung hat im Rahmen der Corona-Soforthilfemaßnahmen eine temporäre Mehrwertsteuer senkung von Juli 2020 bis Ende des Jahres beschlossen. Unter der Annahme, dass die Unternehmen die Mehrwertsteuersenkung über die Güterpreise vollständig an die Verbraucher weitergeben, würde die Mehrwertsteuersenkung von 19% auf 16% für sich genommen zu 2,5% niedrigeren Preisen und beim ermäßigten Steuersatz (von 7% auf 5%) für sich genommen zu 1,9% geringeren Preisen führen. Gaststätten dürfen die Mehrwertsteuer für Speisen ab Juli 2020 sogar von 19% auf 5% senken.
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16.09.2020 • 18/2020
Economy recovers from the shutdown – but a quick return to pre-crisis normality is unlikely
The German economy has bounced back strongly over the summer, recovering a considerable part of the production slump caused by the shutdown in spring. Nevertheless, real gross domestic product in 2020 is likely to contract by 5.7%. In 2021, growth is expected to average 3.2% according to IWH autumn economic forecast. The decline in production in 2020 is likely to be less pronounced in East Germany com¬pared to Germany as a whole.
Oliver Holtemöller
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16.06.2020 • 9/2020
The economy adapts to the pandemic
In the first half of 2020, the pandemic has exacted a heavy toll on the German economy, causing a slump in production that will not be fully recovered within the next year. According to IWH summer economic forecast, gross domestic product is expected to contract by 5.1% in 2020 and to increase by 3.2% in 2021. The decline in production in Eastern Germany is likely to be less pronounced compared to Germany as a whole and estimated at 3.2% in 2020.
Oliver Holtemöller
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The coalition treaty from a fiscal point of view
Kristina vanDeuverden
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2005
Abstract
After weeks of negotiations the coalition finally agreed on the conditions for their political work. Not surprisingly, the coalition agreement is complex and intransparent – with a multitude of single measures far away from a precise definition. Quantifying the programme and estimating resulting cash flows is currently difficult; official calculations are – if at all – only partly available. Anyhow, the contract will form the basis for economic policy during the next four years; therefore its evaluation by now is indispensable. The thin red line of the agreement – not astonishingly when considering the precarious financial situation of the public sector – is consolidation. However, more than 80% of the consolidation volume results from the revenue side. Though one third of this is due to the cutback of tax exemptions, the lion’s share comes from raising tax rates, mainly the VAT standard rate. In contrast, cutting back public expenditure is minor and the agreement clearly comes short of the Koch/Steinbrück proposal; even new tax reliefs are created. The consolidation is almost completely borne by private households. Enterprises as a whole are barely hit. However, they have to wait until 2008 for a reform of company taxation – one of the most pressing problems in this legislative period. To reduce the companies tax burden until the reform starts the conditions for tax depreciation are temporarily relaxed. Anyway, from an international point of view the statutory tax rate is an important signal to enterprises deciding where to invest. Lowering effective tax rates by changing depreciation conditions is intransparent and, thus, will be less effective. Furthermore savings within the public sector are planned to accomplish consolidation; 10 billion Euro should result from efficiency gains and reduced expenditure. Consolidation measures mainly focus on the budget of the federal government. However, Länder and communities will participate in the additional tax revenues. In contrast, social securities will loose – and therefore also the share of employment that is subject to social insurance contribution. Particularly the unemployment insurance will be burdened by the decrease of its premium rate. Besides, the federal government will reduce its grants to the pension funds and most notably the health system. The contract is dominated by fiscal constraints. Cyclical requirements are considered only cursory and pressing structural reforms are put off. The reforms of company’s taxation, of fiscal federalism, of the health system as well as a proceeding reform of the labour market are only proposed. How and when measures in these fields are realised will determine whether fiscal policy can set a new course.
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Disinflation despite VAT increase in 1998
Silke Tober
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 5,
1998
Abstract
Trotz verschiedener Angebotsschocks, die tendenziell einen Preisniveauschub erzeugen, war der Anstieg des Preisindex der Lebenshaltung in der Bundesrepublik 1997 niedrig und blieb mit 1,8 vH im mittleren Bereich der von der Bundesbank anvisierten Inflationsspanne. In diesem Jahr wird sich der Anstieg des Preisniveaus trotz der Mehrwertsteuererhöhung nicht beschleunigen, sondern verlangsamen. Ausschlaggebend sind die erneut sinkenden Lohnstückkosten infolge eines Zurückbleibens der Lohnentwicklung hinter dem Produktivitätszuwachs. Der daraus resultierende Anstieg der internationalen Wettbewerbsfähigkeit ist stärker, als durch die Inflationsdifferenz gegenüber dem Ausland angezeigt ist, weil die Mehrwertsteuer, die sich 1998 mit etwa 0,3 Prozentpunkten auf den Preisniveauanstieg niederschlägt, nicht auf Exportgüter, wohl aber auf Importgüter erhoben wird. Trotz der Abschwächung des Preisniveauanstiegs, einer Disinflation, besteht bei unveränderter Wechselkursentwicklung angesichts der gefestigten Konjunktur im gesamten künftigen Euroraum derzeit kein geldpolitischer Handlungsbedarf. In den neuen Ländern wurde der Anstieg des Preisindex der Lebenshaltungskosten 1997 stärker von den Sonderfaktoren beeinflußt, die auch die westdeutsche Entwicklung prägten. Insbesondere der Anstieg der administrierten Preise bewirkte, daß das Preisniveau hier mit 2,1 vH deutlich kräftiger stieg. In diesem Jahr ist eine weitere Angleichung der Preisniveauentwicklung zu erwarten. Da die Mehrwertsteuererhöhung in Ostdeutschland etwas stärker zu Buche schlägt, wird der Anstieg des Preisindex für die Lebenshaltung jedoch leicht über der westdeutschen Rate liegen.
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